Lupien John R
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002 Jul;42(4):403-15. doi: 10.1080/20024091054201.
International food trade and world population are growing rapidly. National legislation has been enacted and implemented in many countries to assure good quality and safe foods to meet increased demand. No country is fully self-sufficient in domestic food production to meet population demands, and all require some food imports. Current international food trade agreements call for free and fair food trade between all countries, developed and developing. National food legislation and food production, processing and marketing systems have evolved in most countries to ensure better quality and safer foods. At the international level the work of the FAO/ WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) and the World Trade Organization Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and related Uruguay Round agreements have been agreed to by over 140 countries with the aim to promoting the free and fair trade of good quality and safe foods between all countries. The SPS and TBT agreements rely on science-based Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations as benchmarks for judging international food trade disputes. A number of non-tariff barriers to trade, often related to agricultural subsidies and other food trade payments in developed countries, continue to give rise to complaints to WTO. They also continue to prevent free and fair trade, particularly for developing countries in international food trade. A number of these non-tariff barriers to trade are briefly examined, along with other domestic and international food trade problems, and recommendations for improvements are made.
国际食品贸易和世界人口正在迅速增长。许多国家已制定并实施国家立法，以确保提供优质安全的食品，满足不断增长的需求。没有一个国家在国内食品生产上能够完全自给自足以满足人口需求，所有国家都需要一些食品进口。当前的国际食品贸易协定要求所有国家，无论发达国家还是发展中国家，开展自由公平的食品贸易。大多数国家的国家食品立法以及食品生产、加工和销售体系都在不断发展，以确保食品质量更高、更安全。在国际层面，粮农组织/世卫组织食品法典委员会（食品法典）以及世界贸易组织《卫生与植物卫生措施协定》（SPS）、《贸易技术壁垒协定》（TBT）及相关乌拉圭回合协定的工作已得到140多个国家的认可，目的是促进各国之间优质安全食品的自由公平贸易。SPS协定和TBT协定依靠以科学为基础的食品法典标准、准则和建议作为判断国际食品贸易争端的基准。一些非关税贸易壁垒，通常与发达国家的农业补贴和其他食品贸易补贴有关，继续引发向世贸组织提出的投诉。它们还继续阻碍自由公平贸易，特别是在国际食品贸易中对发展中国家而言。本文简要审视了其中一些非关税贸易壁垒以及其他国内和国际食品贸易问题，并提出了改进建议。
