Kelly S M, Rosekind M R, Dinges D F, Miller D L, Gillen K A, Gregory K B, Aguilar R D, Smith R M
NASA Johnson Space Center, USA.
Hum Perf Extrem Environ. 1998 Sep;3(1):100-6.
Decreased alertness and performance associated with fatigue, sleep loss, and circadian disruption are issues faced by a diverse range of shiftwork operations personnel. During Space Transportation System (STS) operations, Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) personnel provide 24-hr. coverage of critical tasks. A joint NASA Johnson Space Center and NASA Ames Research Center project was undertaken to examine these issues in flight controllers during MOD shiftwork operations. An initial operational test of procedures and measures was conducted during the STS-53 mission in December 1992. The study measures included a Background Questionnaire, a subjective daily logbook completed on a 24-hour basis (to report sleep patterns, work periods, etc.), and an 8 minute performance and mood test battery administered at the beginning, middle, and end of each shift period. Seventeen flight controllers representing the 3 Orbit shifts participated. The initial results clearly support the need for further data collection during other STS missions to document baseline levels of alertness and performance during MOD shiftwork operations. Countermeasure strategies specific to the MOD environment are being developed to minimize the adverse effects of fatigue, sleep loss, and circadian disruption engendered by shiftwork operations. These issues are especially pertinent for the night shift operations and the acute phase advance required for the transition of day shift personnel into the night for shuttle launch. Implementation and evaluation of the countermeasure strategies to maximize alertness and performance is planned. As STS missions extend to further EDO (extended duration orbiters), and timelines and planning for 24-hour Space Station operations continue, alertness and performance issues related to sleep and circadian disruption will remain highly relevant in the MOD environment.
与疲劳、睡眠不足和昼夜节律紊乱相关的警觉性和工作表现下降，是各类轮班作业人员面临的问题。在航天飞机运输系统（STS）任务期间，任务运行理事会（MOD）的人员需对关键任务进行24小时监控。美国国家航空航天局约翰逊航天中心和美国国家航空航天局艾姆斯研究中心联合开展了一个项目，以研究MOD轮班作业期间飞行控制人员的这些问题。1992年12月在STS - 53任务期间进行了程序和措施的初步运行测试。研究措施包括一份背景调查问卷、一份按24小时填写的主观日志（用于报告睡眠模式、工作时段等），以及在每个轮班时段开始、中间和结束时进行的8分钟工作表现和情绪测试。来自3个轨道班次的17名飞行控制人员参与了测试。初步结果明确支持在其他STS任务期间进一步收集数据的必要性，以记录MOD轮班作业期间的警觉性和工作表现基线水平。正在制定针对MOD环境的应对策略，以尽量减少轮班作业导致的疲劳、睡眠不足和昼夜节律紊乱的不利影响。这些问题对于夜班作业以及航天飞机发射时白班人员转夜班所需的急性期提前尤其相关。计划实施和评估这些应对策略，以最大限度地提高警觉性和工作表现。随着STS任务扩展到更远的延长运行轨道器，以及24小时空间站运行的时间表和规划持续推进，与睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱相关的警觉性和工作表现问题在MOD环境中仍将高度相关。
