Caldwell Barrett S
School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005 Jun;76(6 Suppl):B145-53.
The evolution of space exploration has brought an increased awareness of the social and socio-technical issues associated with team performance and task coordination, both for the onboard astronauts and in mission control. Spaceflight operations create a unique environment in which to address classic group dynamics topics including communication, group process, knowledge development and sharing, and time-critical task performance. Mission operations in the early years of the 21st century have developed into a set of complex, multi-team task settings incorporating multiple mission control teams and flight crews interacting in novel ways. These more complex operational settings help highlight the emergence of a new paradigm of distributed supervisory coordination, and the need to consider multiple dimensions of expertise being supported and exchanged among team members. The creation of new mission profiles with very long-duration time scales (months, rather than days) for the International Space Station, as well as planned exploration missions to the Moon and Mars, emphasize fundamental distinctions from the 40 yr from Mercury to the Space Shuttle. Issues in distributed expertise and information flow in mission control settings from two related perspectives are described. A general conceptual view of knowledge sharing and task synchronization is presented within the context of the mission control environment. This conceptual presentation is supplemented by analysis of quasi-experimental data collected from actual flight controllers at NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX.
太空探索的发展使人们越来越意识到与团队绩效和任务协调相关的社会及社会技术问题，这对于在轨宇航员和任务控制中心的人员来说都是如此。太空飞行操作营造了一个独特的环境，可用于探讨经典的群体动力学话题，包括沟通、团队流程、知识开发与共享以及对时间要求严格的任务执行情况。21世纪初的任务操作已发展成为一系列复杂的多团队任务场景，其中包括多个任务控制团队和飞行机组人员以新颖的方式进行互动。这些更为复杂的操作场景有助于凸显一种新的分布式监督协调范式的出现，以及考虑团队成员之间所支持和交流的专业知识的多个维度的必要性。国际空间站新任务计划的时长达到了很长的时间尺度（数月而非数天），以及计划中的月球和火星探索任务，都凸显了与从水星计划到航天飞机计划这40年的任务有着根本区别。本文从两个相关视角描述了任务控制场景中的分布式专业知识和信息流问题。在任务控制环境的背景下，给出了知识共享和任务同步的总体概念视图。这一概念性介绍辅以对从德克萨斯州休斯顿的美国国家航空航天局约翰逊航天中心实际飞行控制人员那里收集到的准实验数据的分析。
