Tarter Ralph E
Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15261, USA.
Am J Addict. 2002 Summer;11(3):171-91. doi: 10.1080/10550490290087965.
Approximately 5% of adolescents in the U.S. qualify for a diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD). Low affect and behavior self-regulation during child development interacting with family, peer and other ecological factors predisposes to substance use in adolescence. Maturational processes during adolescence, particularly involving the brain and reproductive system, exacerbate the low psychological self-regulation evidenced during childhood to promote initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) consumption. This discussion examines the etiology of ATOD abuse and SUD from a developmental perspective. The ramifications of a developmental perspective for clinical practice and social policy are also considered.
在美国，约5%的青少年符合物质使用障碍（SUD）的诊断标准。儿童发育过程中情绪低落和行为自我调节能力不足，再加上家庭、同伴及其他生态因素的相互作用，会使青少年更容易出现物质使用问题。青春期的成熟过程，特别是涉及大脑和生殖系统的过程，会加剧儿童期出现的心理自我调节能力低下的情况，从而促使青少年开始饮酒、吸烟及使用其他毒品（ATOD）。本讨论从发育角度审视了ATOD滥用和SUD的病因。同时也考虑了发育角度对临床实践和社会政策的影响。
