Loeb C, Poggio G F
Dipartimento Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Università di Genova Via de Toni 5, 16132 Genova, Italy.
Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2002;166:1-111. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-59432-8.
This review presents an account of the areas and circuits of the brain that are thought to be involved in such cognitive functions as memory, affect and consciousness. Considerable progress has been made in the past two decades in the identification of the cerebral areas and in our understanding of the brain mechanisms involved in these functions, thanks in large parts to a number of imaging observations (PET and fMRI), together with many clinical neurological and experimental studies. Thus, there is now convincing evidence that these high level functions are represented in a complex organization of interconnected cortical and subcortical areas that operate as spatially distributed systems, specialized for the different cognitive activities. Despite the progress that has been made, it is still not known how genetic and environmental factors interact during early development and throughout life to create the necessary conditions out of which these cognitive capacities emerge, nor is it evident to what extent they are shaped by adaptive changes in synaptic organization and other forms of neuronal plasticity.
本综述阐述了大脑中被认为与记忆、情感和意识等认知功能相关的区域和神经回路。在过去二十年中，借助大量成像观察（正电子发射断层扫描和功能磁共振成像）以及众多临床神经学和实验研究，在确定脑区以及理解这些功能所涉及的脑机制方面取得了相当大的进展。因此，现在有令人信服的证据表明，这些高级功能由相互连接的皮质和皮质下区域的复杂组织所代表，这些区域作为空间分布系统运行，专门负责不同的认知活动。尽管已经取得了进展，但仍不清楚遗传和环境因素在早期发育及整个生命过程中如何相互作用，以创造出这些认知能力得以出现的必要条件，也不清楚它们在多大程度上受到突触组织的适应性变化和其他形式的神经元可塑性的影响。
