Sherlock Robert R, Sommer Sven G, Khan Rehmat Z, Wood C Wesley, Guertal Elizabeth A, Freney John R, Dawson Christopher O, Cameron Keith C
Soil Plant and Ecological Sciences Division, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln Univ., Canterbury, New Zealand.
J Environ Qual. 2002 Sep-Oct;31(5):1491-501. doi: 10.2134/jeq2002.1491.
Much animal manure is being applied to small land areas close to animal confinements, resulting in environmental degradation. This paper reports a study on the emissions of ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a pasture during a 90-d period after pig slurry application (60 m3 ha-1) to the soil surface. The pig slurry contained 6.1 kg total N m-3, 4.2 kg of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN = NH3 + NH4) m-3, and 22.1 kg C m-3, and had a pH of 8.14. Ammonia was lost at a fast rate immediately after slurry application (4.7 kg N ha-1 h-1), when the pH and TAN concentration of the surface soil were high, but the loss rate declined quickly thereafter. Total NH3 losses from the treated pasture were 57 kg N ha-1 (22.5% of the TAN applied). Methane emission was highest (39.6 g C ha-1 h-1) immediately after application, as dissolved CH4 was released from the slurry. Emissions then continued at a low rate for approximately 7 d, presumably due to metabolism of volatile fatty acids in the anaerobic slurry-treated soil. The net CH4 emission was 1052 g C ha-1 (0.08% of the carbon applied). Nitrous oxide emission was low for the first 14 d after slurry application, then showed emission peaks of 7.5 g N ha-1 h-1 on Day 25 and 15.8 g N ha-1 h-1 on Day 67, and decline depending on rainfall and nitrate (NO3) concentrations. Emission finally reached background levels after approximately 90 d. Nitrous oxide emission was 7.6 kg N ha-1 (2.1% of the N applied). It is apparent that of the two major greenhouse gases measured in this study, N2O is by far the more important tropospheric pollutant.
大量动物粪便被施用于靠近动物圈舍的小块土地上，导致环境退化。本文报告了一项关于在猪粪（60立方米/公顷）施用于土壤表面后的90天内，牧场中氨（NH₃）、甲烷（CH₄）和一氧化二氮（N₂O）排放的研究。猪粪中总氮含量为6.1千克/立方米，总氨氮（TAN = NH₃ + NH₄）含量为4.2千克/立方米，碳含量为22.1千克/立方米，pH值为8.14。施粪后氨立即以较快速率损失（4.7千克氮/公顷·小时），此时表层土壤的pH值和TAN浓度较高，但此后损失速率迅速下降。处理过的牧场中氨的总损失量为57千克氮/公顷（占施入TAN的22.5%）。施粪后甲烷排放立即达到最高值（39.6克碳/公顷·小时），因为溶解的CH₄从粪肥中释放出来。然后排放以低速率持续约7天，可能是由于厌氧粪肥处理土壤中挥发性脂肪酸的代谢。甲烷净排放量为1052克碳/公顷（占施入碳的0.08%）。施粪后的前14天一氧化二氮排放较低，然后在第25天出现7.5克氮/公顷·小时的排放峰值，在第67天出现15.8克氮/公顷·小时的排放峰值，并根据降雨量和硝酸盐（NO₃）浓度下降。大约90天后排放最终达到背景水平。一氧化二氮排放量为7.6千克氮/公顷（占施入氮的2.1%）。显然，在本研究中测量的两种主要温室气体中，N₂O是迄今为止更重要的对流层污染物。
