Eby David W, Vivoda Jonathon M, Fordyce Tiffani A
UMTRI-SBA, University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor 48109-2150, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 2002 Nov;34(6):815-23. doi: 10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00088-4.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of standard enforcement legislation on safety belt use in Michigan through a series of seven statewide direct observation surveys. A secondary purpose of the study was to compare the results in Michigan to the results in other states that have changed the provision of their mandatory safety belt use law from secondary to standard enforcement. The study found that standard enforcement has been effective in increasing safety belt use in Michigan. Immediately following the implementation of standard enforcement, Michigan's belt use rate increased to 83.5%, 13.4 percentage points higher than the highest rate previously observed. One year after the change, safety belt use in Michigan was still nearly 10 percentage points greater than the highest observed rate before standard enforcement legislation was enacted. Results indicated that safety belt use decreased slightly in the year following the implementation of standard enforcement. This appears to be an overall trend across all observed groups, and not due to any single demographic category. The results also suggest that standard enforcement legislation appears to have a greater effect on groups with historically low belt use, such as young people, males, passengers, and Black/African-Americans. When compared with other states that have made the change from secondary to standard enforcement, the increase in the safety belt use rate in Michigan was comparable to the increase seen in states with relatively high safety belt use prior to standard enforcement. However, states that had low safety belt use rates prior to adopting standard enforcement legislation observed a larger percentage point increase in the year following their change to standard enforcement.
本研究的目的是通过一系列七次全州范围的直接观察调查，评估标准执法立法对密歇根州安全带使用情况的影响。该研究的第二个目的是将密歇根州的结果与其他已将强制使用安全带法律的规定从二级执法改为标准执法的州的结果进行比较。研究发现，标准执法在提高密歇根州安全带使用方面是有效的。在标准执法实施后，密歇根州的安全带使用率立即升至83.5%，比之前观察到的最高使用率高出13.4个百分点。改变后的一年，密歇根州的安全带使用率仍比标准执法立法颁布前观察到的最高使用率高出近10个百分点。结果表明，在标准执法实施后的一年里，安全带使用率略有下降。这似乎是所有观察群体的总体趋势，并非由于任何单一人口类别所致。结果还表明，标准执法立法似乎对历史上安全带使用率较低的群体，如年轻人、男性、乘客以及黑人/非裔美国人，有更大影响。与其他已从二级执法改为标准执法的州相比，密歇根州安全带使用率的增幅与标准执法前安全带使用率相对较高的州的增幅相当。然而，在采用标准执法立法之前安全带使用率较低的州，在改为标准执法后的一年里，观察到的百分点增幅更大。
