Abele A E, Nitzsche U
Lehrstuhl Sozialpsychologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2002 Oct 4;127(40):2057-62. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-34516.
Women are equally interested in studying medicine as men, and there is an equal proportion of female and male graduates in medicine. Women's occupational careers in medicine, however, are on the average less successful than men's. Whereas there are already many cross-sectional studies on this issue the present paper reports data of a prospective longitudinal study.
Participants were 139 female graduates and 172 male medical graduates. These were questioned three times, after their second "Staatsexamen", one and a half years later during their practical medical training time, and again one and a half years later within their specialized training. The questionnaires tapped performance data, occupational self-efficacy, attitudes, goals, work satisfaction, experience of work situation, occupational development and private development.
There were no gender differences in grades, study duration, occupational self-efficacy and goals immediately after the exam. Experience of the work situation as well as work satisfaction did not differ, either. However, at time three female medical doctors were less often full-time employed than their male colleagues. This pertained not only to mothers but also to childless women. Full-time employed women often were singles without a partner. There were also gender differences in the expectations how occupation and family should be combined. Psychologically, women experienced a decrease in occupational self-efficacy, whereas men experienced an increase. Both equivocal female gender-role expectations and unfavorable organizational conditions of medical training are important for this development.
The compatibility between work and family must be seen as a societal task. Otherwise many well-trained female medicine doctors will quit their jobs and as a consequence there will be a lack of doctors in the future.
女性对学医的兴趣与男性相当，医学专业的男女毕业生比例也相同。然而，女性在医学领域的职业发展平均不如男性成功。尽管已经有许多关于这个问题的横断面研究，但本文报告了一项前瞻性纵向研究的数据。
参与者包括139名女性医学毕业生和172名男性医学毕业生。在他们第二次“国家考试”后、一年半后的临床实习期间以及又过一年半后的专科培训期间，对他们进行了三次问卷调查。问卷涉及绩效数据、职业自我效能感、态度、目标、工作满意度、工作环境体验、职业发展和个人发展。
考试刚结束时，在成绩、学习时长、职业自我效能感和目标方面不存在性别差异。工作环境体验和工作满意度也没有差异。然而，在第三个阶段，女医生全职工作的比例低于男同事。这不仅适用于有孩子的母亲，也适用于没有孩子的女性。全职工作的女性往往是没有伴侣的单身人士。在职业与家庭应如何兼顾的期望方面也存在性别差异。在心理上，女性的职业自我效能感下降，而男性则上升。女性性别角色期望的模糊以及医学培训不利的组织条件对这种发展都很重要。
工作与家庭的兼容性必须被视为一项社会任务。否则，许多训练有素的女医生将会辞职，结果未来将会出现医生短缺的情况。
