Lockridge Calion B, Brennan Susan E
State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-2500, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2002 Sep;9(3):550-7. doi: 10.3758/bf03196312.
A current debate in psycholinguistics concerns how speakers take addressees' knowledge or needs into account during the packaging of utterances. In retelling stories, speakers are more likely to mention atypical instruments than easily inferrable, typical instruments; in a seminal study, Brown and Dell (1987) suggested that this is not an adjustment to addressees but is simply easiest for speakers. They concluded that manipulating addressees' knowledge did not affect speakers' mention of instruments. However, their addressees were confederates who heard the same stories repeatedly. We had speakers retell stories to naive addressees who either saw or did not see a picture illustrating the main action and instrument. When addressees lacked pictures, speakers were more likely to mention atypical instruments, to mention them early (within the same clause as the action verb), and to mark atypical instruments as indefinite. This suggests that with visual copresence, speakers can take addressees' knowledge into account in early syntactic choices.
心理语言学当前的一场争论涉及说话者在话语构建过程中如何考虑听话者的知识或需求。在复述故事时，说话者更有可能提及非典型工具，而非容易推断出的典型工具；在一项具有开创性的研究中，布朗和戴尔（1987）认为这并非是对听话者的一种调整，而仅仅是对说话者来说最为容易的做法。他们得出结论，操纵听话者的知识并不会影响说话者对工具的提及。然而，他们的听话者是同盟者，这些同盟者反复听相同的故事。我们让说话者向天真的听话者复述故事，这些听话者要么看到了，要么没有看到一幅说明主要动作和工具的图片。当听话者没有图片时，说话者更有可能提及非典型工具，更早地提及它们（在与动作动词相同的从句内），并将非典型工具标记为不定指。这表明在有视觉共同呈现的情况下，说话者能够在早期句法选择中考虑听话者的知识。
