Murphy Claire, Schubert Carla R, Cruickshanks Karen J, Klein Barbara E K, Klein Ronald, Nondahl David M
San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Joint Doctoral Program, 6363 Alvarado Ct, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
JAMA. 2002 Nov 13;288(18):2307-12. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.18.2307.
Older adults represent the fastest-growing segment of the US population, and prevalences of vision and hearing impairment have been extensively evaluated. However, despite the importance of sense of smell for nutrition and safety, the prevalence of olfactory impairment in older US adults has not been studied.
To determine the prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2491 Beaver Dam, Wis, residents aged 53 to 97 years participating in the 5-year follow-up examination (1998-2000) for the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study, a population-based, cross-sectional study.
Olfactory impairment, assessed by the San Diego Odor Identification Test and self-report.
The mean (SD) prevalence of impaired olfaction was 24.5% (1.7%). The prevalence increased with age; 62.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.4%-67.7%) of 80- to 97-year-olds had olfactory impairment. Olfactory impairment was more prevalent among men (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.65-2.19). Current smoking, stroke, epilepsy, and nasal congestion or upper respiratory tract infection were also associated with increased prevalence of olfactory impairment. Self-reported olfactory impairment was low (9.5%) and this measure became less accurate with age. In the oldest group, aged 80 to 97 years, sensitivity of self-report was 12% for women and 18% for men.
This study demonstrates that prevalence of olfactory impairment among older adults is high and increases with age. Self-report significantly underestimated prevalence rates obtained by olfaction testing. Physicians and caregivers should be particularly alert to the potential for olfactory impairment in the elderly population.
老年人是美国人口中增长最快的群体，视力和听力障碍的患病率已得到广泛评估。然而，尽管嗅觉对于营养和安全很重要，但美国老年人群中嗅觉障碍的患病率尚未得到研究。
确定老年人嗅觉障碍的患病率。
设计、地点和参与者：共有2491名年龄在53至97岁之间的威斯康星州比弗代尔居民参与了听力损失流行病学研究的5年随访检查（1998 - 2000年），这是一项基于人群的横断面研究。
通过圣地亚哥嗅觉识别测试和自我报告评估嗅觉障碍。
嗅觉受损的平均（标准差）患病率为24.5%（1.7%）。患病率随年龄增长而增加；80至97岁的人群中，62.5%（9�%置信区间[CI]，57.4% - 67.7%）有嗅觉障碍。嗅觉障碍在男性中更为普遍（调整后的患病率比为1.92；95% CI，1.65 - 2.19）。当前吸烟、中风、癫痫以及鼻塞或上呼吸道感染也与嗅觉障碍患病率增加有关。自我报告的嗅觉障碍率较低（9.5%），且该指标随年龄增长准确性降低。在年龄最大的80至97岁组中，女性自我报告的敏感性为12%，男性为18%。
本研究表明，老年人中嗅觉障碍的患病率很高且随年龄增长而增加。自我报告显著低估了嗅觉测试得出的患病率。医生和护理人员应特别警惕老年人群中嗅觉障碍的可能性。
