Bhathena Sam J, Velasquez Manuel T
Phytonutrients Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1191-201. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1191.
Evidence is emerging that dietary phytoestrogens play a beneficial role in obesity and diabetes. Nutritional intervention studies performed in animals and humans suggest that the ingestion of soy protein associated with isoflavones and flaxseed rich in lignans improves glucose control and insulin resistance. In animal models of obesity and diabetes, soy protein has been shown to reduce serum insulin and insulin resistance. In studies of human subjects with or without diabetes, soy protein also appears to moderate hyperglycemia and reduce body weight, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia, supporting its beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes. However, most of these clinical trials were relatively short and involved a small number of patients. Furthermore, it is not clear whether the beneficial effects of soy protein and flaxseed are due to isoflavones (daidzein and genistein), lignans (matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol), or some other component. Isoflavones and lignans appear to act through various mechanisms that modulate pancreatic insulin secretion or through antioxidative actions. They may also act via estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms. Some of these actions have been shown in vitro, but the relevance of these studies to in vivo disease is not known. The diversity of cellular actions of isoflavones and lignans supports their possible beneficial effects on various chronic diseases. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of phytoestrogens on obesity and diabetes mellitus and their associated possible complications.
越来越多的证据表明，膳食植物雌激素在肥胖和糖尿病中发挥有益作用。在动物和人类中进行的营养干预研究表明，摄入与异黄酮相关的大豆蛋白和富含木脂素的亚麻籽可改善血糖控制和胰岛素抵抗。在肥胖和糖尿病的动物模型中，大豆蛋白已被证明可降低血清胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗。在对有或没有糖尿病的人类受试者的研究中，大豆蛋白似乎也能缓解高血糖并减轻体重、高脂血症和高胰岛素血症，支持其对肥胖和糖尿病的有益作用。然而，这些临床试验大多相对较短，且涉及的患者数量较少。此外，尚不清楚大豆蛋白和亚麻籽的有益作用是由于异黄酮（大豆苷元和染料木黄酮）、木脂素（matairesinol和开环异落叶松脂素）还是其他成分。异黄酮和木脂素似乎通过调节胰腺胰岛素分泌的各种机制或通过抗氧化作用发挥作用。它们也可能通过雌激素受体介导的机制起作用。其中一些作用已在体外得到证实，但这些研究与体内疾病的相关性尚不清楚。异黄酮和木脂素的细胞作用多样性支持它们对各种慢性疾病可能产生的有益影响。需要进一步研究来评估植物雌激素对肥胖和糖尿病及其相关可能并发症的长期影响。
