Smith Aynsley M, Adler Charles H, Crews Debbie, Wharen Robert E, Laskowski Edward R, Barnes Kelly, Valone Bell Carolyn, Pelz Dave, Brennan Ruth D, Smith Jay, Sorenson Matthew C, Kaufman Kenton R
Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
Sports Med. 2003;33(1):13-31. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333010-00002.
The definition of the 'yips' has evolved over time. It is defined as a motor phenomenon of involuntary movements affecting golfers. In this paper, we have extended the definition to encompass a continuum from the neurologic disorder of dystonia to the psychologic disorder of choking. In many golfers, the pathophysiology of the 'yips' is believed to be an acquired deterioration in the function of motor pathways (e.g. those involving the basal ganglia) which are exacerbated when a threshold of high stress and physiologic arousal is exceeded. In other golfers, the 'yips' seems to result from severe performance anxiety. Physically, the 'yips' is manifested by symptoms of jerks, tremors or freezing in the hands and forearms. These symptoms can result in: (i) a poor quality of golf performance (adds 4.9 strokes per 18 holes); (ii) prompt use of alcohol and beta-blockers; and (iii) contribute to attrition in golf. Golfers with the 'yips' average 75 rounds per year, although many 'yips'-affected golfers decrease their playing time or quit to avoid exposure to this embarrassing problem. While more investigation is needed to determine the cause of the 'yips', this review article summarises and organises the available research. A small study included in this paper describes the 'yips' phenomenon from the subjective experience of 'yips'-affected golfers. The subjective experience (n = 72) provides preliminary support for the hypothesis suggesting that the 'yips' is on a continuum. Based on the subjective definitions of 72 'yips'-affected golfers, the 'yips' was differentiated into type I (dystonia) and type II (choking). A theoretical model provides a guide for future research on golfers with either type I or type II 'yips'.
“易普症”的定义随时间推移而演变。它被定义为影响高尔夫球手的一种非自主运动的运动现象。在本文中，我们将该定义进行了扩展，以涵盖从肌张力障碍的神经疾病到怯场的心理疾病这一连续体。在许多高尔夫球手中，“易普症”的病理生理学被认为是运动通路（例如涉及基底神经节的那些通路）功能的后天性退化，当超过高压力和生理唤醒阈值时，这种退化会加剧。在其他高尔夫球手中，“易普症”似乎是由严重的表现焦虑导致的。在身体上，“易普症”表现为手部和前臂的抽搐、震颤或僵硬症状。这些症状会导致：（i）高尔夫球表现质量不佳（每18洞增加4.9杆）；（ii）迅速使用酒精和β受体阻滞剂；（iii）导致高尔夫球运动参与度下降。患有“易普症”的高尔夫球手平均每年打75轮球，不过许多受“易普症”影响的高尔夫球手会减少打球时间或放弃打球，以避免暴露于这个尴尬问题。虽然需要更多研究来确定“易普症”的病因，但这篇综述文章总结并整理了现有的研究。本文纳入的一项小型研究从受“易普症”影响的高尔夫球手的主观体验描述了“易普症”现象。主观体验（n = 72）为“易普症”处于连续体这一假说提供了初步支持。基于72名受“易普症”影响的高尔夫球手的主观定义，“易普症”被分为I型（肌张力障碍）和II型（怯场）。一个理论模型为未来对I型或II型“易普症”高尔夫球手的研究提供了指导。
