Stinear Cathy M, Coxon James P, Fleming Melanie K, Lim Vanessa K, Prapavessis Harry, Byblow Winston D
Human Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Nov;38(11):1980-9. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000233792.93540.10.
To determine whether a model of two subtypes of yips is supported by evidence from a range of physiological, behavioral, and psychological measures.
Fifteen golfers who experience yips symptoms while putting (mean age 58.1 yr, SD 13.6 yr), and nine golfers with no yips symptoms (mean age 39.6 yr, SD 19.3 yr) were recruited. Participants completed a golf history questionnaire to determine their playing experience and the nature of any yips symptoms experienced. In experiment 1, participants performed a putting task while electromyographic data were recorded from the forearm flexors and extensors and biceps brachii, bilaterally. The task was performed in two sessions, under low-pressure and high-pressure experimental conditions. The high-pressure condition was intended to increase anxiety through the use of a monetary incentive, video-taping of performance, and the presence of a confederate who provided negative feedback. Participants' state of anxiety was assessed using a questionnaire before each of the experimental sessions. In experiment 2, participants completed a task that required the inhibition of an anticipated response. Their accuracy and ability to inhibit their response was determined.
The golfers who experienced yips could be categorized according to whether they reported mainly movement-related symptoms (Type I) or anxiety-related symptoms (Type II). The Type I group exhibited greater muscle activity during putting and greater errors and less inhibition of the anticipated response task. The Type II group exhibited greater changes in cognitive anxiety and normal performance of the anticipated response task.
This study provides evidence in support of two yips subtypes. Type I is related to impaired movement initiation and execution, whereas Type II is related to performance anxiety.
通过一系列生理、行为和心理测量证据，确定一种关于抽搐症两种亚型的模型是否成立。
招募了15名在推杆时出现抽搐症状的高尔夫球手（平均年龄58.1岁，标准差13.6岁）和9名无抽搐症状的高尔夫球手（平均年龄39.6岁，标准差19.3岁）。参与者完成了一份高尔夫球历史问卷，以确定他们的打球经历以及所经历的任何抽搐症状的性质。在实验1中，参与者执行推杆任务，同时双侧记录前臂屈肌、伸肌和肱二头肌的肌电图数据。该任务在两个阶段进行，分别处于低压和高压实验条件下。高压条件旨在通过使用金钱激励、对表现进行录像以及安排一名提供负面反馈的同盟者来增加焦虑感。在每个实验阶段之前，使用问卷评估参与者的焦虑状态。在实验2中，参与者完成一项需要抑制预期反应的任务。确定他们抑制反应的准确性和能力。
经历抽搐症的高尔夫球手可根据他们报告的主要是与运动相关的症状（I型）还是与焦虑相关的症状（II型）进行分类。I型组在推杆过程中表现出更大的肌肉活动、更多的失误以及对预期反应任务的抑制较少。II型组在认知焦虑方面表现出更大的变化，并且预期反应任务表现正常。
本研究提供了支持两种抽搐症亚型的证据。I型与运动起始和执行受损有关，而II型与表现焦虑有关。
