Carter James B, Banister Eric W, Blaber Andrew P
School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
Sports Med. 2003;33(1):33-46. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003.
Long-term endurance training significantly influences how the autonomic nervous system controls heart function. Endurance training increases parasympathetic activity and decreases sympathetic activity in the human heart at rest. These two training-induced autonomic effects, coupled with a possible reduction in intrinsic heart rate, decrease resting heart rate. Long-term endurance training also decreases submaximal exercise heart rate by reducing sympathetic activity to the heart. Physiological ageing is associated with a reduction in parasympathetic control of the heart; this decline in parasympathetic activity can be reduced by regular endurance exercise. Some research has indicated that females have increased parasympathetic and decreased sympathetic control of heart rate. These gender-specific autonomic differences probably contribute to a decreased cardiovascular risk and increased longevity observed in females.
长期耐力训练会显著影响自主神经系统对心脏功能的控制方式。耐力训练会增加人体心脏在静息状态下的副交感神经活动，并降低交感神经活动。这两种由训练引起的自主神经效应，再加上固有心率可能的降低，会使静息心率下降。长期耐力训练还会通过减少心脏的交感神经活动，降低次最大运动心率。生理衰老与心脏副交感神经控制的减弱有关；定期进行耐力运动可以减少这种副交感神经活动的下降。一些研究表明，女性对心率的副交感神经控制增强，交感神经控制减弱。这些特定性别的自主神经差异可能有助于降低女性心血管疾病风险并延长寿命。
