Ethics of neuroimaging in pediatric development.

Neuroimaging in pediatrics is accompanied by all the ethical dilemmas associated with neuroimaging in adults, magnified significantly. The defining characteristics of childhood make working ethically with the population particularly problematic. Children have not developed the rational capabilities necessary to make informed decisions and the variability and change associated with development contribute to heightened risks and/or benefits of any procedure and limit interpretation of data. As a consequence, fewer pediatric than adult neuroimaging research studies have been done, further limiting general knowledge of the field. Significant strides have been made just within the past few years with the collection of normative data sets of healthy children. Recommendations on how to proceed with pediatric neuroimaging studies while ensuring ethical treatment of the participants are presented.