Mandler J M, Parker R E
J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1976 Jan;2(1):38-48.
Memory for several kinds of information in complex pictures was studied. Stimuli were line drawings of either real-world scenes or unorganized collections of objects. Memory was tested by recognition and reconstruction tests, given immediately and/or after a week. Organization of the pictures had little effect on memory for size, orientation, or physical appearance of objects in the pictures. There was only a small loss of these types of descriptive information over a week's time. Organization of the pictures had a major effect on memory for location of objects in the pictures. Memory for location on the horizontal dimension declined markedly for both types of pictures over a week. Performance remained high on the vertical dimension for organized pictures, and systematic distortion occurred on this dimension for unorganized pictures. Reconstruction data were compared with the performance of subjects who had not seen the pictures before. It was concluded that real-world schemata do not affect encoding of some types of descriptive information, but play an important role in both encoding and memory for spatial information.
对复杂图片中几种信息的记忆进行了研究。刺激物是现实世界场景或无组织物体集合的线条图。通过立即和/或一周后进行的识别和重构测试来检验记忆。图片的组织对图片中物体的大小、方向或物理外观的记忆影响很小。在一周的时间里，这些类型的描述性信息仅有少量丢失。图片的组织对图片中物体位置的记忆有重大影响。对于这两种类型的图片，水平维度上位置的记忆在一周内显著下降。对于有组织的图片，垂直维度上的表现仍然很高，而对于无组织的图片，在这个维度上出现了系统性扭曲。将重构数据与之前未看过图片的受试者的表现进行了比较。得出的结论是，现实世界图式不会影响某些类型描述性信息的编码，但在空间信息的编码和记忆中都起着重要作用。
