系统化商数：对患有阿斯伯格综合征或高功能自闭症的成年人以及正常性别差异的调查。
The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences.
作者信息
Baron-Cohen Simon, Richler Jennifer, Bisarya Dheraj, Gurunathan Nhishanth, Wheelwright Sally
机构信息
Autism Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
出版信息
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 Feb 28;358(1430):361-74. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1206.
Systemizing is the drive to analyse systems or construct systems. A recent model of psychological sex differences suggests that this is a major dimension in which the sexes differ, with males being more drawn to systemize than females. Currently, there are no self-report measures to assess this important dimension. A second major dimension of sex differences is empathizing (the drive to identify mental states and respond to these with an appropriate emotion). Previous studies find females score higher on empathy measures. We report a new self-report questionnaire, the Systemizing Quotient (SQ), for use with adults of normal intelligence. It contains 40 systemizing items and 20 control items. On each systemizing item, a person can score 2, 1 or 0, so the SQ has a maximum score of 80 and a minimum of zero. In Study 1, we measured the SQ of n = 278 adults (114 males, 164 females) from a general population, to test for predicted sex differences (male superiority) in systemizing. All subjects were also given the Empathy Quotient (EQ) to test if previous reports of female superiority would be replicated. In Study 2 we employed the SQ and the EQ with n = 47 adults (33 males, 14 females) with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA), who are predicted to be either normal or superior at systemizing, but impaired at empathizing. Their scores were compared with n = 47 matched adults from the general population in Study 1. In Study 1, as predicted, normal adult males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ and significantly lower on the EQ. In Study 2, again as predicted, adults with AS/HFA scored significantly higher on the SQ than matched controls, and significantly lower on the EQ than matched controls. The SQ reveals both a sex difference in systemizing in the general population and an unusually strong drive to systemize in AS/HFA. These results are discussed in relation to two linked theories: the 'empathizing-systemizing' (E-S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism.
系统化是分析系统或构建系统的驱动力。最近一个关于心理性别差异的模型表明，这是性别差异的一个主要维度，男性比女性更倾向于系统化。目前，尚无自我报告测量方法来评估这一重要维度。性别差异的第二个主要维度是共情（识别心理状态并用适当情感做出反应的驱动力）。先前的研究发现女性在共情测量中得分更高。我们报告了一种新的自我报告问卷，即系统化商数（SQ），用于智力正常的成年人。它包含40个系统化项目和20个对照项目。在每个系统化项目上，一个人可以得2分、1分或0分，因此SQ的最高分是80分，最低分是0分。在研究1中，我们测量了来自普通人群的n = 278名成年人（114名男性，164名女性）的SQ，以检验在系统化方面预测的性别差异（男性优势）。所有受试者还接受了共情商数（EQ）测试，以检验女性优势的先前报告是否会得到重复验证。在研究2中，我们对n = 47名患有阿斯伯格综合征（AS）或高功能自闭症（HFA）的成年人（33名男性，14名女性）使用了SQ和EQ，预计他们在系统化方面正常或优越，但在共情方面受损。他们的分数与研究1中47名来自普通人群的匹配成年人进行了比较。在研究1中，正如预测的那样，正常成年男性在SQ上的得分显著高于女性，在EQ上的得分显著低于女性。在研究2中，同样如预测的那样，患有AS/HFA的成年人在SQ上的得分显著高于匹配的对照组，在EQ上的得分显著低于匹配的对照组。SQ揭示了普通人群中系统化方面的性别差异以及AS/HFA中异常强烈的系统化驱动力。将结合两个相关理论来讨论这些结果：性别差异的“共情 - 系统化”（E - S）理论和自闭症的极端男性大脑（EMB）理论。
Zotero 插件