Dierick N A, Decuypere J A, Degeyter I
Ghent University, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Department of Animal Production, Melle, Belgium.
Arch Tierernahr. 2003 Feb;57(1):49-63. doi: 10.1080/0003942031000086626.
In search for an alternative for nutritional antimicrobials in piglet feeding, the effects of adding whole Cuphea seeds, as a natural source of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), with known antimicrobial effects, and an exogenous lipase to a weaner diet were studied. The foregut flora, the gut morphology, some digestive parameters and the zootechnical performance of weaned piglets were investigated. Thirty newly weaned piglets, initial weight 7.0 +/- 0.4 kg, were divided according to litter, sex and weight in two groups (control diet; Cuphea + lipase diet). The Cuphea seeds (lanceolata and ignea) (50 g kg(-1)) were substituted for soybean oil (15 g kg(-1)), Alphacell (25 g kg(-1)) and soy protein isolate (10 g kg(-1)) in the control diet. Also 500 mg kg(-1) microbial lipase was added to the Cuphea diet. The piglets were weighted individually on days 0, 3. 7, 14 and 16. Feed intake was recorded per pen during days 0 to 3, 3 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 16. On day 7 five piglets of each experimental group were euthanized for counting the gastric and small intestinal gut flora and for gut morphology at two sites of the small intestine (proximal, distal). The results indicate a trend towards improved performances parameters by feeding Cuphea + lipase. The enzymic released MCFA (1.7 g kg(-1) fresh gastric contents) tended to decrease the number of Coliforms in the proximal small intestine, but increased the number in the stomach and distal small intestine. With Culphea, the number of Streptococci was significantly lower in small intestine, but not in the stomach, while the number of Lactobacilli was significantly lower in the distal small intestine and tended to be lower in the stomach and proximal small intestine. No differences between the diets were noted for the total anaerobic microbial load in the stomach or in the gut. Feeding Cuphea + lipase resulted in a significantly greater villus height (distal small intestine) and a lesser crypt depth (proximal and distal small intestine) and greater villus/crypt ratio depth (proximal and distal small intestine). The intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) counts per 100 enterocytes were significantly decreased in the proximal small intestine and tended to decrease in the distal small intestine by feeding the Cuphea + lipase diet. Both phenomena are indicative for a more healthy and better functional state of the mucosa. Present results are in line with foregoing research, showing that manipulation of the gut ecosystem by the enzymic in situ released MCFA in the stomach and foregut can result in improved performances of the piglets, which makes the concept a potential alternative for in-feed nutritional antibiotics.
为寻找仔猪饲料中营养性抗菌剂的替代品，研究了在断奶仔猪日粮中添加全粒萼距花种子（一种已知具有抗菌作用的中链脂肪酸天然来源）和外源脂肪酶的效果。对断奶仔猪的前肠菌群、肠道形态、一些消化参数和饲养性能进行了研究。30头初断奶仔猪，初始体重7.0±0.4千克，根据窝别、性别和体重分为两组（对照日粮组；萼距花+脂肪酶日粮组）。在对照日粮中，用萼距花种子（披针叶萼距花和火红萼距花）（50克/千克）替代了大豆油（15克/千克）、Alphacell（25克/千克）和大豆分离蛋白（10克/千克）。同时，在萼距花日粮中添加了500毫克/千克的微生物脂肪酶。在第0、3、7、14和16天对仔猪进行个体称重。记录第0至3天、3至7天、7至14天和14至16天每栏的采食量。在第7天，对每个实验组的5头仔猪实施安乐死，以计数胃和小肠的肠道菌群，并观察小肠两个部位（近端、远端）的肠道形态。结果表明，饲喂萼距花+脂肪酶日粮有使生产性能参数得到改善的趋势。酶解释放的中链脂肪酸（每克新鲜胃内容物含1.7克）倾向于减少近端小肠中的大肠菌群数量，但增加了胃和远端小肠中的数量。饲喂萼距花后，小肠中的链球菌数量显著降低，但胃中未降低，而远端小肠中的乳酸杆菌数量显著降低，胃和近端小肠中的数量也有降低趋势。两种日粮在胃或肠道中的总厌氧微生物负荷方面未发现差异。饲喂萼距花+脂肪酶导致绒毛高度显著增加（远端小肠），隐窝深度减小（近端和远端小肠），绒毛/隐窝深度比值增大（近端和远端小肠）。饲喂萼距花+脂肪酶日粮使近端小肠中每100个肠细胞的上皮内淋巴细胞（IEL）计数显著减少，远端小肠中也有减少趋势。这两种现象均表明黏膜处于更健康、功能更好的状态。目前的结果与先前的研究一致，表明通过胃和前肠中酶原位释放的中链脂肪酸对肠道生态系统进行调控可提高仔猪的生产性能，这使得该概念成为饲料中营养性抗生素的潜在替代品。
