Poggi Paola, Rodriguez y Baena Ruggero, Rizzo Silvana, Rota Massimo T
Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Human Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
J Periodontol. 2003 May;74(5):623-9. doi: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.5.623.
Mouthrinses are widely utilized in daily oral and dental hygiene to control plaque. However, most commercially available mouthrinses contain alcohol as an excipient. Most studies have focused on the clinical side effects related to the alcoholic fraction of mouthrinses, overlooking alcohol metabolism in the mouth. Due to this oral enzymatic process, the well-recognized toxic compound acetaldehyde is emitted in the mouth. Since gingival fibroblasts play a key role in oral connective tissue health maintenance, we investigated the effects of different doses of acetaldehyde on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in order to better define the effects of alcohol-containing mouthrinses on oral tissue.
Cultured HGFs were exposed to different concentrations of acetaldehyde (10(-4) M to 10(-2) M). The cell adhesion rate was measured after a 3-hour incubation period, and cell viability over a 5-day period. In order to assess the reversibility of the damage produced by acetaldehyde, treatment was interrupted at critical doses (10(-3) M and 3 x 10(-3) M), and cell viability was evaluated on the third and fifth day of incubation. The HGF cytoskeleton was studied by immunocytochemical technique, and internal cell structures were observed with transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the morphological changes due to acetaldehyde.
The results showed that acetaldehyde produced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on cell adhesion and viability, together with disruption of cytoskeletal structures and cytoplasmic organelles. Nevertheless, these quantitative and qualitative damages were reversible when the treatment was interrupted.
Although more knowledge is necessary, our results suggest that these deleterious effects may also occur in vivo. Pending further investigations, clinicians should be alerted to the potentially adverse effect of alcohol-containing mouthrinses and, to promote oral health, patients should be warned about improper use of these products.
漱口水在日常口腔和牙齿卫生中被广泛用于控制牙菌斑。然而，大多数市售漱口水含有酒精作为辅料。大多数研究集中在与漱口水酒精成分相关的临床副作用上，而忽视了口腔中的酒精代谢。由于这种口腔酶促过程，公认的有毒化合物乙醛在口腔中释放。鉴于牙龈成纤维细胞在维持口腔结缔组织健康方面起着关键作用，我们研究了不同剂量的乙醛对人牙龈成纤维细胞（HGFs）的影响，以便更好地确定含酒精漱口水对口腔组织的影响。
将培养的HGFs暴露于不同浓度的乙醛（10⁻⁴ M至10⁻² M）。孵育3小时后测量细胞黏附率，并在5天内测量细胞活力。为了评估乙醛造成的损伤的可逆性，在临界剂量（10⁻³ M和3×10⁻³ M）时中断处理，并在孵育的第三天和第五天评估细胞活力。通过免疫细胞化学技术研究HGF细胞骨架，并用透射电子显微镜观察细胞内部结构，以评估乙醛引起的形态变化。
结果表明，乙醛对细胞黏附和活力产生剂量和时间依赖性抑制，同时破坏细胞骨架结构和细胞质细胞器。然而，当处理中断时，这些定量和定性损伤是可逆的。
尽管还需要更多的知识，但我们的结果表明这些有害影响也可能在体内发生。在进一步研究之前，临床医生应警惕含酒精漱口水的潜在不良影响，并且为了促进口腔健康，应提醒患者注意这些产品的不当使用。
