Smith L A, Thomson S J
USDA-ARS, Application and Production Technology Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
Pest Manag Sci. 2003 Jun-Jul;59(6-7):699-707. doi: 10.1002/ps.697.
A research summary is presented that emphasizes ARS achievements in application technology over the past 2-3 years. Research focused on the improvement of agricultural pesticide application is important from the standpoint of crop protection as well as environmental safety. Application technology research is being actively pursued within the ARS, with a primary focus on application system development, drift management, efficacy enhancement and remote sensing. Research on application systems has included sensor-controlled hooded sprayers, new approaches to direct chemical injection, and aerial electrostatic sprayers. For aerial application, great improvements in on-board flow controllers permit accurate field application of chemicals. Aircraft parameters such as boom position and spray release height are being altered to determine their effect on drift. Other drift management research has focused on testing of low-drift nozzles, evaluation of pulsed spray technologies and evaluation of drift control adjuvants. Research on the use of air curtain sprayers in orchards, air-assist sprayers for row crops and vegetables, and air deflectors on aircraft has documented improvements in application efficacy. Research has shown that the fate of applied chemicals is influenced by soil properties, and this has implications for herbicide efficacy and dissipation in the environment. Remote sensing systems are being used to target areas in the field where pests are present so that spray can be directed to only those areas. Soil and crop conditions influence propensity for weeds and insects to proliferate in any given field area. Research has indicated distinct field patterns favorable for weed growth and insect concentration, which can provide further assistance for targeted spraying.
本文给出了一份研究总结，重点介绍了美国农业研究局（ARS）在过去两到三年应用技术方面所取得的成就。从作物保护和环境安全的角度来看，专注于改进农业农药施用的研究非常重要。ARS正在积极开展应用技术研究，主要集中在应用系统开发、漂移管理、药效增强和遥感方面。应用系统研究包括传感器控制的带罩喷雾器、直接化学注射的新方法以及航空静电喷雾器。对于航空施药，机载流量控制器有了很大改进，可实现化学药剂在田间的精准施用。正在改变诸如喷杆位置和喷雾释放高度等飞机参数，以确定它们对漂移的影响。其他漂移管理研究则侧重于低漂移喷头的测试、脉冲喷雾技术的评估以及漂移控制助剂的评估。关于在果园使用气幕喷雾器、在大田作物和蔬菜种植中使用气助喷雾器以及在飞机上使用空气导流板的研究，都证明了施用效果有所改善。研究表明，施用化学药剂的归宿受土壤特性影响，这对除草剂药效及其在环境中的消散有重要意义。正在使用遥感系统来确定田间害虫存在的区域，以便仅对这些区域进行喷雾。土壤和作物状况会影响任何给定田间区域杂草和昆虫的繁殖倾向。研究已表明存在有利于杂草生长和昆虫聚集的明显田间模式，这可为精准喷雾提供进一步帮助。
