Pain relief: the perspective of Catholic tradition.

Efforts to study patient care from the perspective of Catholic ethics date back four centuries. In the course of this history, a prominent issue has always been management of pain and the efforts to avoid pain. Thus, Catholic theologians were concerned about the effects of pain medication upon the psychic function and considered whether or not hastening death for suffering people was allowed and the ethical norms for using opioids to remove pain when death is imminent. Moreover, the issue of "overmedication" for difficult or elderly patients has been a concern. The President's Commission on Ethics in Medicine and Human Research has utilized many of the principles developed by Catholic theologians when considering the matter of pain relief for dying persons.