Lynch M P, Eilers R E
Department of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1353.
Percept Psychophys. 1992 Dec;52(6):599-608. doi: 10.3758/bf03211696.
Musical tuning perception in infancy and adulthood was explored in three experiments. In Experiment 1, Western adults were tested in detection of randomly located mistunings in a melody based on musical interval patterns from native and nonnative musical scales. Subjects performed better in a Western major scale context than in either a Western augmented or a Javanese pelog scale context. Because the major scale is used frequently in Western music and, therefore, is more perceptually familiar than either the augmented scale or the pelog scale are, the adults' pattern of performance is suggestive of musical acculturation. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to explore the onset of culturally specific perceptual reorganization for music in the age period that has been found to be important in linguistically specific perceptual reorganization for speech. In Experiment 2, 1-year-olds had a pattern of performance similar to that of the adults, but 6-month-olds could not detect mistunings reliably better than chance. In Experiment 3, another group of 6-month-olds was tested, and a larger degree of mistuning was used so that floor effects might be avoided. These 6-month-olds performed better in the major and augmented scale contexts than in the pelog context, without a reliable performance difference between the major and augmented contexts. Comparison of the results obtained with 6-month-olds and 1-year-olds suggests that culturally specific perceptual reorganization for musical tuning begins to affect perception between these ages, but the 6-month-olds' pattern of results considered alone is not as clear. The 6-month-olds' better performance on the major and augmented interval patterns than on the pelog interval pattern is potentially attributable to either the 6-month-olds' lesser perceptual acculturation than that of the 1-year-olds or perhaps to an innate predisposition for processing of music based on a single fundamental interval, in this case the semitone.
通过三个实验对婴儿期和成年期的音乐调音感知进行了探究。在实验1中，以西方成年人作为受试对象，测试他们对基于本土和非本土音阶的旋律中随机位置的走调的察觉能力。在西方大调音阶环境下，受试者的表现要优于在西方增音阶或爪哇佩罗格音阶环境下的表现。由于大调音阶在西方音乐中经常被使用，因此在感知上比增音阶或佩罗格音阶更为熟悉，成年人的表现模式表明了音乐文化适应。实验2和实验3旨在探究在已被发现对语言特异性语音感知重组很重要的年龄段中，针对音乐的文化特异性感知重组的起始阶段。在实验2中，1岁幼儿的表现模式与成年人相似，但6个月大的婴儿无法可靠地察觉走调，其表现不比随机猜测更好。在实验3中，对另一组6个月大的婴儿进行了测试，并使用了更大程度的走调，以便避免下限效应。这些6个月大的婴儿在大调音阶和增音阶环境下的表现优于在佩罗格音阶环境下的表现，而在大调音阶和增音阶环境之间没有可靠的表现差异。对6个月大婴儿和1岁幼儿所得结果的比较表明，针对音乐调音的文化特异性感知重组在这些年龄之间开始影响感知，但仅考虑6个月大婴儿的结果模式并不那么清晰。6个月大婴儿在大调音阶和增音阶音程模式上比在佩罗格音程模式上表现更好，这可能归因于6个月大婴儿的感知文化适应程度低于1岁幼儿，或者可能归因于基于单个基本音程（在这种情况下为半音）处理音乐的先天倾向。
