Spurr Jane M, Stopa Lusia
Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK.
Behav Res Ther. 2003 Sep;41(9):1009-28. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00177-8.
The cognitive model of social phobia by Clark and Wells (Social phobia : Diagnosis, Assessment and treatment (1995)) proposes that individuals with social phobia generate a negative impression of how they appear to others, constructed from their own thoughts, feelings and internal sensations. This impression can occur in the form of a visual image from an external, or "observer", perspective. Although social phobics use this perspective more than controls, the impact of the observer perspective has not been tested experimentally. This study investigated the effects of taking the observer perspective on thinking, anxiety, behaviour and social performance in high and low socially anxious participants. Forty-four participants (N=22 in each group) gave two speeches, one in the observer and one in the field perspective. Use of the observer perspective produced more frequent negative thoughts, more safety behaviours, and worse self-evaluation of performance in both groups. There were also clear trends demonstrating increases in anxiety and in thought belief ratings in the observer perspective compared to the field perspective. Results are consistent with the Clark and Wells model of social phobia. This study also suggests that in low socially anxious individuals, the observer perspective may contain positive information.
克拉克和韦尔斯提出的社交恐惧症认知模型（《社交恐惧症：诊断、评估与治疗》，1995年）认为，社交恐惧症患者会根据自身的想法、感受和内在感觉，对自己在他人眼中的形象产生负面印象。这种印象可能以外部“观察者”视角的视觉形象形式出现。尽管社交恐惧症患者比对照组更多地采用这种视角，但观察者视角的影响尚未经过实验验证。本研究调查了采用观察者视角对高社交焦虑和低社交焦虑参与者的思维、焦虑、行为及社交表现的影响。44名参与者（每组22人）进行了两次演讲，一次是从观察者视角，一次是从现场视角。采用观察者视角在两组中都产生了更频繁的消极想法、更多的安全行为以及对表现更差的自我评估。与现场视角相比，在观察者视角下，焦虑和思维信念评分也有明显上升趋势。研究结果与克拉克和韦尔斯的社交恐惧症模型一致。本研究还表明，在低社交焦虑个体中，观察者视角可能包含积极信息。
