Fluctuation-dissipation relations in the nonequilibrium critical dynamics of Ising models.

We investigate the relation between two-time multispin correlation and response functions in the nonequilibrium critical dynamics of Ising models in d=1 and d=2 spatial dimensions. In these nonequilibrium situations, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is not satisfied. We find FDT "violations" qualitatively similar to those reported in various glassy materials, but quantitatively dependent on the chosen observable, in contrast to the results obtained in infinite-range glass models. Nevertheless, all FDT violations can be understood by considering separately the contributions from large wave vectors, which are at quasiequilibrium and obey the FDT, and from small wave vectors where a generalized FDT holds with a nontrivial fluctuation-dissipation ratio X infinity. In d=1, we get X(infinity)=1/2 for spin observables, which measure the orientation of domains, while X(infinity)=0 for observables that are sensitive to the domain-wall motion. Numerical simulations in d=2 reveal a unique X infinity approximately equal 0.34 for all observables. Measurement protocols for X infinity are discussed in detail. Our results suggest that the definition of an effective temperature T(eff)=T/X(infinity) for large length scales is generically possible in nonequilibrium critical dynamics.