Naturally occurring point mutation in the C terminus of the polymerase gene prevents duck hepatitis B virus RNA packaging.

A duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) genome cloned from a domestic duck from the People's Republic of China has been sequenced and exhibits no variation in sequences known to be important in viral replication or generation of gene products. Intrahepatic transfection of a dimer of this viral genome into ducklings did not result in viremia or any sign of virus infection, indicating that the genome was defective. Functional analysis of this mutant genome, performed by transfecting the DNA into a chicken hepatoma cell line capable of replicating wild-type virus, indicated that viral RNA is not encapsidated. However, virus core protein is made and can assemble into particles in the absence of encapsidation of viral nucleic acid. Using genetic approaches, it was determined that a change of cysteine to tyrosine in position 711 in the polymerase (P) gene C terminus led to this RNA-packaging defect. By site-directed mutagenesis, it was found that while substitution of Cys-711 with tryptophan also abolished packaging, substitution with methionine did not affect packaging or viral replication. Therefore, Cys-711, which is conserved in all published sequences of DHBV, may not be involved in a disulfide bridge structure essential to viral RNA packaging or replication. Our results, showing that a missense mutation in the region of the DHBV polymerase protein thought to be primarily the RNase H domain results in packaging deficiency, support the previous findings that multiple regions of the complex hepadnaviral polymerase protein may be required for viral RNA packaging.