Solowij N, Hall W, Lee N
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
Br J Addict. 1992 Aug;87(8):1161-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02003.x.
'Ecstasy' (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA) is a recreational drug that is gaining popularity world wide. There is a paucity of research regarding the ways in which Ecstasy is used and the nature of its effects. A 'snowball' peer network technique was used to recruit 100 users who completed anonymous questionnaires. The research revealed that Ecstasy is primarily used by infrequent recreational drug users for 'fun' at dance parties and social gatherings. The primary reported effects of Ecstasy were a 'positive mood state' and feelings of intimacy and closeness to others. The secondary effects of Ecstasy were the stimulant effects of energy and activation, and the psychedelic effects of insight and perceptual and sensual enhancement. Ecstasy was reported to share the properties of both amphetamines and hallucinogens in the nature of its side effects and residual effects which were no more severe than those of the latter two classes of drug. It appeared Ecstasy was not conductive to regular and frequent use, because tolerance was reported to develop to the positive effects of Ecstasy, while negative effects increased with use. Although few problems associated with the recreational use of Ecstasy have surfaced to date, animal research has shown it to be neurotoxic to serotonergic nerve terminals. Caution must be observed until further research can determine the level of hazard in humans.
“摇头丸”（3,4－亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺，即MDMA）是一种在全球范围内越来越受欢迎的消遣性毒品。关于摇头丸的使用方式及其效果的性质，相关研究匮乏。采用“滚雪球”式同伴网络技术招募了100名使用者，他们填写了匿名问卷。研究表明，摇头丸主要由不常使用消遣性毒品的人在舞会和社交聚会上为“找乐子”而使用。据报告，摇头丸的主要效果是“积极的情绪状态”以及与他人亲密和亲近的感觉。其次要效果是能量和兴奋的刺激作用，以及洞察力、感知力和感官增强的迷幻作用。据报告，摇头丸在副作用和残留效应的性质上兼具安非他明和致幻剂的特性，且不比后两类毒品的副作用严重。看来摇头丸不利于经常和频繁使用，因为据报告，对摇头丸的积极效果会产生耐受性，而副作用会随着使用而增加。尽管迄今为止很少有与摇头丸消遣性使用相关的问题浮出水面，但动物研究表明它对血清素能神经末梢具有神经毒性。在进一步研究确定其对人类的危害程度之前，必须谨慎对待。
