Rusko H K
Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Sep;24(9):1040-7.
In most of the training studies on different populations the effects of training have been investigated up to a frequency of five to six times per week and a duration of 45 min per session. These correspond to the training regimens of 15-yr-old cross-country skiers and, consequently, the results cannot be applied to older athletes. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of cross-country skiers increases with age and training from about 55-60 to 75-80 ml.kg-1.min-1 between 15 and 25 yr of age. After 20 yr of age VO2max starts to level off, but elite skiers are able to increase VO2max further concomitantly with an increase in the volume of training and the volume of intensive training. The activity of oxidative enzymes in muscles of skiers is increased with training, but distance runners have had a higher oxidative capacity in their leg muscles. Although widely used by cross-country skiers, the training effects of roller skiing, skiwalking-skistriding, and long-distance training on skis are to a large extent unknown. However, intensive training at the intensity of "anaerobic threshold" or higher seems to be most effective in inducing improvements in maximal oxygen uptake; distance training at relatively low intensity seems to be most effective in producing improvements in the determinants of submaximal endurance.
在针对不同人群的大多数训练研究中，训练效果的研究频率最高为每周五到六次，每次训练时长为45分钟。这些与15岁越野滑雪运动员的训练方案相对应，因此，研究结果不能应用于年龄较大的运动员。越野滑雪运动员的最大摄氧量（VO2max）随着年龄增长和训练而增加，在15至25岁之间从约55 - 60毫升·千克-1·分钟-1增加到75 - 80毫升·千克-1·分钟-1。20岁以后VO2max开始趋于平稳，但优秀滑雪运动员能够随着训练量和高强度训练量的增加进一步提高VO2max。滑雪运动员肌肉中的氧化酶活性随着训练而增加，但长跑运动员腿部肌肉的氧化能力更高。尽管越野滑雪运动员广泛使用，但旱地滑雪、滑雪行走 - 滑雪跨步以及在雪地上进行的长距离训练的训练效果在很大程度上尚不清楚。然而，以“无氧阈”或更高强度进行的高强度训练似乎在诱导最大摄氧量提高方面最有效；相对低强度的距离训练似乎在提高次最大耐力的决定因素方面最有效。
