Rusko H
Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
J Sports Sci. 1987 Winter;5(3):273-86. doi: 10.1080/02640418708729782.
The influences of growth, training and various training methods were investigated by analysing long-term training effects in young cross-country and biathlon skiers (n = 129). Some athletes (n = 49) were studied six times in three years and some at least once a year during a four year period (n = 48). During three summer training periods skiers emphasized either intensive training or distance training or continued to train normally. The results indicated that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and heart volume increased between 15 and 20 years of age and the most significant changes in heart volume were observed between 16 and 18 years of age. International level skiers were able to increase their VO2 max and heart volume even after 20 years of age. Anaerobic threshold (AT, ml kg-1 min-1) increased like VO2 max but when expressed as a percentage of VO2 max, the AT was similar in every age group over 16 years of age. Intensive training at the intensity of anaerobic threshold or higher was observed to be most effective in producing improvements in VO2 max. Low-intensity distance training was more effective in producing improvements in anaerobic threshold.
通过分析年轻越野滑雪和冬季两项滑雪运动员（n = 129）的长期训练效果，研究了生长、训练及各种训练方法的影响。部分运动员（n = 49）在三年中接受了六次研究，部分运动员在四年期间每年至少接受一次研究（n = 48）。在三个夏季训练期内，滑雪运动员要么强调高强度训练，要么强调耐力训练，要么继续正常训练。结果表明，最大摄氧量（VO2 max）和心脏容积在15至20岁之间增加，心脏容积最显著的变化出现在16至18岁之间。国际水平的滑雪运动员即使在20岁之后也能够提高他们的最大摄氧量和心脏容积。无氧阈（AT，毫升·千克⁻¹·分钟⁻¹）与最大摄氧量一样增加，但以最大摄氧量的百分比表示时，16岁以上各年龄组的无氧阈相似。观察到在无氧阈强度或更高强度下进行高强度训练对提高最大摄氧量最为有效。低强度耐力训练对提高无氧阈更有效。
