HUNDT A G, PREMACK D
Science. 1963 Nov 22;142(3595):1087-8. doi: 10.1126/science.142.3595.1087.
Rats were required to press a bar to activate a motor-driven wheel that forced them to run and subsequently to drink to turn off the wheel. Barpressing and lickilng increased, showing the onset and offset of running to be positively and negatively reinforcing, respectively. The experimental control of the offset of running, in contrast to the traditional control for onset only, served to demonstrate that since organisms stop such behaviors as they start, self-initiated behaviors will act as negative as well as positive reinforcers.
要求大鼠按压杠杆来启动一个由电机驱动的轮子，这个轮子会迫使它们奔跑，随后通过饮水来停止轮子转动。按压杠杆和舔舐行为增加，表明奔跑的开始和停止分别具有正强化和负强化作用。与仅对奔跑开始进行传统控制相反，对奔跑停止的实验控制旨在证明，由于生物体在开始某种行为的同时也会停止该行为，自我发起的行为既可以作为正强化物，也可以作为负强化物。
