CLARK H F, SHEPARD C C
J Bacteriol. 1963 Nov;86(5):1057-69. doi: 10.1128/jb.86.5.1057-1069.1963.
Clark, H Fred (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and Charles C. Shepard. Effect of environmental temperatures on infection with Mycobacterium marinum (Balnei) of mice and a number of poikilothermic species. J. Bacteriol. 86:1057-1069. 1963.-An exploration was made of the effect of environmental temperature on infections with Mycobacterium marinum of mice, young opossums, and bats, and of 50 species of poikilothermic animals. In artificial medium (7H9 broth) M. marinum grew most rapidly from 25 to 35 C, with generation times of 4 to 6 hr. At 37 C, the generation time was 14 hr; at 20 C, 20 hr; and, at 15 C and lower, little growth was observed. In mice, deep body temperatures were found to be 36.5 to 37.3 C at environmental temperatures of 4 to 30 C. At an environmental temperature of 34 C, they averaged 39.1 C; at 37 C they averaged 40.2 C. Foot-pad temperatures were within a few degrees of ambient temperatures from 10 to 34 C. In mouse foot-pad infections, the optimal environmental temperature for infection was 20 C, and the generation time of the infecting bacilli at this environmental temperature was about 15 hr. Intravenously inoculated mice developed peripheral infections of nose, feet, and tail at environmental temperatures of 4 to 30 C. At these temperatures, they had severe pneumonic involvement, and the mice at lower temperatures tended to succumb most rapidly to systemic infection. At 34 C, the intravenously infected mice did not develop peripheral infections and there was no pulmonary involvement. Young opossums, whose deep body temperatures are only 34 to 36 C, were inoculated in the foot-pad and intravenously. Foot-pad infection developed without systemic involvement. Bats, which assume environmental temperature when at rest, were inoculated in the foot-pad. Foot-pad infections were observed but no systemic disease. The bats could be maintained for only short periods, however. Poikilothermic animals were studied. Deep body temperatures were found to be nearly identical with ambient temperature. A total of 50 species of reptiles, amphibians, and fish were infected intraperitoneally in a number of experiments, as animals were available. Susceptibility to M. marinum was found throughout these species. There was no tendency to peripheral involvement. In experiments to determine the optimal environmental temperature for infection, cricket frogs (Acris), American chameleons (Anolis), young garter snakes (Thamnophis), and the young of three species of turtles were inoculated intraperitoneally. The optimal temperature for infection was found to be 30 C in each case, and infections at 20 C were definitely slower. The generation time of M. marinum in American chameleons at 30 C was about 19 hr; at 20 C, it was about 46 hr; and, at 10 C, the bacilli did not apparently multiply. Transmission studies revealed instances where infected animals shed M. marinum into the waters in which they were kept, and where animals became infected from water containing M. marinum.
克拉克，H·弗雷德（佐治亚州亚特兰大传染病中心）和查尔斯·C·谢泼德。环境温度对小鼠及多种变温动物感染海分枝杆菌（巴尔内分枝杆菌）的影响。《细菌学杂志》86:1057 - 1069。1963年。——研究了环境温度对小鼠、幼负鼠、蝙蝠以及50种变温动物感染海分枝杆菌的影响。在人工培养基（7H9肉汤）中，海分枝杆菌在25至35℃生长最快，代时为4至6小时。在37℃时，代时为14小时；在20℃时，代时为20小时；在15℃及更低温度时，几乎不生长。在小鼠中，发现环境温度为4至30℃时，深部体温为36.5至37.3℃。环境温度为34℃时，平均体温为39.1℃；在37℃时，平均体温为40.2℃。足垫温度在10至34℃时与环境温度相差几度。在小鼠足垫感染中，感染的最佳环境温度为20℃，在此环境温度下感染菌的代时约为15小时。静脉接种的小鼠在环境温度为4至30℃时出现鼻子、足部和尾巴的外周感染。在这些温度下，它们有严重的肺部感染，且温度较低时的小鼠往往最易死于全身感染。在34℃时，静脉感染的小鼠未出现外周感染且无肺部感染。幼负鼠深部体温仅为34至36℃，进行了足垫接种和静脉接种。足垫感染发生但无全身感染。蝙蝠在休息时体温与环境温度相同，进行了足垫接种。观察到足垫感染但无全身疾病。然而，蝙蝠只能维持较短时间。对变温动物进行了研究。发现深部体温与环境温度几乎相同。在一系列实验中，只要有动物可用，就对总共50种爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类进行腹腔接种。在所有这些物种中都发现了对海分枝杆菌的易感性。没有外周感染的倾向。在确定感染最佳环境温度的实验中，对蟋蟀蛙（姬蛙属）、美洲变色龙（安乐蜥属）、幼袜带蛇（束带蛇属）和三种龟的幼体进行腹腔接种。发现每种动物感染的最佳温度均为30℃，在20℃时感染明显较慢。海分枝杆菌在美洲变色龙30℃时的代时约为19小时；在20℃时，约为46小时；在10℃时，杆菌显然不繁殖。传播研究表明，有感染动物将海分枝杆菌排放到其所在的水中的情况，以及动物从含有海分枝杆菌的水中感染的情况。
