Wesolowski J J, Jedrychowski W, Flak E
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1992 Jul-Sep;2(3):323-39.
Serious environmental problems caused by decades of mismanagement of Poland's natural resources have been brought to light in recent years. All environmental media--air, water, food, and soil--have been burdened with toxic chemicals. Some environmental problems are so severe that the sources of pollution and the mitigation techniques needed are obvious, requiring no further research, but rather common sense, monies, and determination to implement the necessary controls and mitigation procedures. This paper will not address these obvious cases. Rather it will address that spectrum of environmental problems which requires a better understanding of public health risk in order to develop effective risk management strategies. Because these problems are numerous and monies limited, policy makers will need to set priorities both for research projects and control options. Using environmental concentration data presently available from Poland (especially for air), the paper will estimate human exposures, will point out research and monitoring needs, and hopefully, will lend credence to the concept that environmental policies and risk reduction strategies will be most effective if the Total Human Exposure Concept is used as the guiding scientific principle in risk assessment and management programs.
近年来，波兰自然资源数十年来管理不善所导致的严重环境问题已被曝光。所有环境介质——空气、水、食物和土壤——都背负着有毒化学物质。有些环境问题非常严重，以至于污染源头和所需的缓解技术一目了然，无需进一步研究，而只需要常识、资金以及实施必要控制和缓解程序的决心。本文将不讨论这些明显的案例。相反，它将探讨那一系列需要更好地理解公共健康风险以便制定有效风险管理策略的环境问题。由于这些问题众多且资金有限，政策制定者将需要为研究项目和控制选项设定优先级。利用波兰目前可得的环境浓度数据（特别是空气方面的数据），本文将估算人类接触情况，指出研究和监测需求，并且有望使这样一种观念更具可信度，即如果在风险评估和管理项目中把“人类总接触概念”用作指导科学原则，环境政策和风险降低策略将最为有效。
