Papagianni Maria
Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54006, Greece.
Biotechnol Adv. 2003 Sep;21(6):465-99. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(03)00077-6.
Ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial properties (antimicrobial peptides-AMPs) are produced by eukaryotes and prokaryotes and represent crucial components of their defense systems against microorganisms. Although they differ in structure, they are nearly all cationic and very often amphiphilic, which reflects the fact that many of them attack their target cells by permeabilizing the cell membrane. They can be roughly categorized into those that have a high content of a certain amino acid, most often proline, those that contain intramolecular disulfide bridges, and those with an amphiphilic region in their molecule if they assume an alpha-helical structure. Most of the known ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial functions have been identified and studied during the last 20 years. As a result of these studies, new knowledge has been acquired into biology and biochemistry. It has become evident that these peptides may be developed into useful antimicrobial additives and drugs. The use of two-peptide antimicrobial peptides as replacement for clinical antibiotics is promising, though their applications in preservation of foods (safe and effective for use in meat, vegetables, and dairy products), in veterinary medicine, and in dentistry are more immediate. This review focuses on the current status of some of the main types of ribosomally synthesized AMPs produced by eucaryotes and procaryotes and discusses the novel antimicrobial functions, new developments, e.g. heterologous production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria, or construction of multibacteriocinogenic strains, novel applications related to these peptides, and future research paradigms.
具有抗菌特性的核糖体合成肽（抗菌肽-AMPs）由真核生物和原核生物产生，是它们抵御微生物防御系统的关键组成部分。尽管它们在结构上有所不同，但几乎都是阳离子型的，而且常常是两亲性的，这反映出它们中的许多通过使细胞膜通透来攻击靶细胞这一事实。它们大致可分为以下几类：含有特定氨基酸（最常见的是脯氨酸）含量高的肽、含有分子内二硫键的肽，以及如果呈现α-螺旋结构则分子中具有两亲区域的肽。大多数已知的具有抗菌功能的核糖体合成肽是在过去20年中被鉴定和研究的。这些研究带来了生物学和生物化学方面的新知识。很明显，这些肽可被开发成有用的抗菌添加剂和药物。使用双肽抗菌肽替代临床抗生素是有前景的，不过它们在食品保鲜（对肉类、蔬菜和乳制品安全有效）、兽医学和牙科中的应用更为直接。本综述重点关注真核生物和原核生物产生的一些主要类型的核糖体合成AMPs的现状，并讨论其新的抗菌功能、新进展，例如乳酸菌异源生产细菌素或构建多细菌素产生菌株、与这些肽相关的新应用以及未来的研究范式。
