Telemetric animal model to evaluate visceral pain in the freely moving rat.

Several research groups have measured the visceromotor response to visceral distension by electromyography (EMG) in the conscious restraint, wrapped or lightly anaesthetized rat. Our aim was to develop a more physiological and stress-free technique that enables the simultaneous measurement of duodenal distension-induced visceromotor and cardiovascular responses in the conscious, freely moving rat. A telemetry transmitter, consisting of a bipolar electrode pair and arterial catheter, was chronically implanted into the rat to measure abdominal EMG, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Furthermore, a balloon catheter was chronically implanted in the duodenum to deliver volume-fixed staircase (0.1-0.6 ml) or phasic (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 ml) distensions. The area under the curve (AUC; mVs) and maximal amplitude (EMG(max); mV) during distension were analyzed. The model was validated by pre-treatment with morphine (0.3, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Staircase and phasic distension produced a volume-dependent increase in AUC and EMG(max), HR and MAP. Pre-treatment with morphine inhibited the distension-induced visceromotor response, i.e. abdominal contractions, increase in AUC and EMG(max). These findings indicate that telemetry is an adequate tool to measure visceromotor and cardiovascular responses to averse, noxious duodenal distension continuously and simultaneously in the rats home cage, without additional handling-related or restraint-induced stress. The presented animal visceral model is intended for studying acute and chronic analgesic properties of new pharmaceutical compounds.