Pellman Elliot J, Viano David C, Tucker Andrew M, Casson Ira R, Waeckerle Joe F
ProHEALTH Care Associates, LLP, Lake Success, New York, USA.
Neurosurgery. 2003 Oct;53(4):799-812; discussion 812-4. doi: 10.1093/neurosurgery/53.3.799.
Concussion in professional football was studied with respect to impact types and injury biomechanics. A combination of video surveillance and laboratory reconstruction of game impacts was used to evaluate concussion biomechanics.
Between 1996 and 2001, videotapes of concussions and significant head impacts were collected from National Football League games. There were clear views of the direction and location of the helmet impact for 182 cases. In 31 cases, the speed of impact could be determined with analysis of multiple videos. Those cases were reconstructed in laboratory tests using helmeted Hybrid III dummies and the same impact velocity, direction, and head kinematics as in the game. Translational and rotational accelerations were measured, to define concussion biomechanics. Several studies were performed to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of the video analysis and laboratory methods used.
Concussed players experienced head impacts of 9.3 +/- 1.9 m/s (20.8 +/- 4.2 miles/h). There was a rapid change in head velocity of 7.2 +/- 1.8 m/s (16.1 +/- 4.0 miles/h), which was significantly greater than that for uninjured struck players (5.0 +/- 1.1 m/s, 11.2 +/- 2.5 miles/h; t = 2.9, P < 0.005) or striking players (4.0 +/- 1.2 m/s, 8.9 +/- 2.7 miles/h; t = 7.6, P < 0.001). The peak head acceleration in concussion was 98 +/- 28 g with a 15-millisecond half-sine duration, which was statistically greater than the 60 +/- 24 g for uninjured struck players (t = 3.1, P < 0.005). Concussion was primarily related to translational acceleration resulting from impacts on the facemask or side, or falls on the back of the helmet. Concussion could be assessed with the severity index or head injury criterion (the conventional measures of head injury risk). Nominal tolerance levels for concussion were a severity index of 300 and a head injury criterion of 250.
Concussion occurs with considerable head impact velocity and velocity changes in professional football. Current National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment standards primarily address impacts to the periphery and crown of the helmet, whereas players are experiencing injuries in impacts to the facemask, side, and back of the helmet. New tests are needed to assess the performance of helmets in reducing concussion risks involving high-velocity and long-duration injury biomechanics.
研究职业橄榄球运动中的脑震荡，涉及撞击类型和损伤生物力学。采用视频监控与比赛撞击实验室重建相结合的方法来评估脑震荡生物力学。
1996年至2001年期间，从美国国家橄榄球联盟比赛中收集脑震荡和严重头部撞击的录像带。182例病例中可清晰看到头盔撞击的方向和位置。在31例病例中，通过分析多个视频可确定撞击速度。使用佩戴头盔的Hybrid III人体模型，在实验室测试中按照与比赛相同的撞击速度、方向和头部运动学对这些病例进行重建。测量平移和旋转加速度，以定义脑震荡生物力学。进行了多项研究以确保所使用的视频分析和实验室方法的准确性和可重复性。
脑震荡球员经历的头部撞击速度为9.3±1.9米/秒（20.8±4.2英里/小时）。头部速度迅速变化7.2±1.8米/秒（16.1±4.0英里/小时），这显著高于未受伤的被撞击球员（5.0±1.1米/秒，11.2±2.5英里/小时；t = 2.9，P < 0.005）或撞击球员（4.0±1.2米/秒，8.9±2.7英里/小时；t = 7.6，P < 0.001）。脑震荡时的头部峰值加速度为98±28g，半正弦持续时间为15毫秒，在统计学上高于未受伤的被撞击球员的60±24g（t = 3.1，P < 0.005）。脑震荡主要与对面罩或侧面的撞击、或头盔后部着地导致的平移加速度有关。可使用严重程度指数或头部损伤标准（传统的头部损伤风险衡量指标）来评估脑震荡。脑震荡的名义耐受水平为严重程度指数300和头部损伤标准250。
在职业橄榄球运动中，脑震荡发生时头部撞击速度和速度变化相当大。当前的美国国家运动器材标准操作委员会标准主要针对头盔周边和顶部的撞击，而球员在面罩、侧面和头盔后部的撞击中受伤。需要新的测试来评估头盔在降低涉及高速和长时间损伤生物力学的脑震荡风险方面的性能。
