Palmer Biff F, Gates John R, Lader Malcolm
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8856, USA.
Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Nov;37(11):1694-702. doi: 10.1345/aph.1D105.
To review clinical information on the incidence and causes of hyponatremia (defined as a serum sodium level <130 mEq/L), the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in general hospital patients, and to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia in relation to these factors.
Primary sources and review articles were identified via MEDLINE (1981-July 2003) for entries on hyponatremia. We limited the search to specific topics including incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical disorders and medications associated with hypotonic hyponatremia.
All of the articles identified were evaluated, and relevant and representative information was included in this review.
Hyponatremia can result from several disease states, injury, surgery, physical exercise, or the administration of certain drugs (e.g., antidepressants, antiepileptics) and is associated with advanced age. Drug-induced hyponatremia is often asymptomatic and usually resolves following water restriction and monitoring of medication. Symptoms of hyponatremia are primarily neurologic; the principal danger of hyponatremia relates to effects on central nervous system function due to changes in brain size.
Although hyponatremia can be a serious condition, appropriate measures for the management of at-risk and affected patients will lead to full recovery in most cases.
回顾低钠血症（定义为血清钠水平<130 mEq/L）的发病率及病因的临床信息，低钠血症是综合医院患者中最常见的电解质异常情况，并探讨与这些因素相关的低钠血症的诊断和治疗。
通过MEDLINE（1981年 - 2003年7月）检索低钠血症相关条目，确定原始资料和综述文章。我们将搜索范围限定在特定主题，包括发病率、危险因素、诊断、治疗以及与低渗性低钠血症相关的临床疾病和药物。
对所有检索到的文章进行评估，本综述纳入相关且具有代表性的信息。
低钠血症可由多种疾病状态、损伤、手术、体育锻炼或某些药物（如抗抑郁药、抗癫痫药）的使用引起，且与高龄相关。药物性低钠血症通常无症状，一般通过限水和监测用药即可缓解。低钠血症的症状主要为神经方面的；低钠血症的主要危险在于因脑容量变化对中枢神经系统功能产生的影响。
尽管低钠血症可能是一种严重病症，但对高危和患病患者采取适当的管理措施，在大多数情况下可实现完全康复。
