Stevens Gonneke W J M, Pels Trees, Bengi-Arslan Leyla, Verhulst Frank C, Vollebergh Wilma A M, Crijnen Alfons A M
Erasmus MC/Sophia, Dept. of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003 Oct;38(10):576-85. doi: 10.1007/s00127-003-0677-5.
Although literature leaves little doubt that migration from one country to another is stressful, empirical studies do not warrant general conclusions regarding the impact of migration on psychological development. Moroccans and Turks are two of the largest immigrant groups in The Netherlands, and share a similar migration history and religion. However, there are important differences between Turkish and Moroccan society, for example, in the level of education and illiteracy. In this study, emotional and behavioral problems of Moroccan immigrant children were compared to those of Dutch native children and Turkish immigrant children.
Our samples consisted of 819 Moroccan immigrant children, 2,227 Dutch native children and 833 Turkish immigrant children between the age of 4 and 18. Parent, teacher and self-reports were obtained, using the Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher's Report Form and Youth Self-Report.
Moroccan parents reported as many problems as Dutch parents, but less problems than Turkish parents. Teachers, however, presented a different picture: substantially more externalizing problems were reported for Moroccan pupils compared to Dutch and Turkish pupils. Moroccan adolescents themselves reported less problems than Dutch and Turkish adolescents.
The effects of migration on children and adolescents of two populations with a similar migration history and religion can be rather different. Problem levels vary widely with the informant questioned. The results of the present study may reflect true differences in children's behavior, both across ethnic groups and across the contexts of home and school. Perceptual biases, social desirability in answering patterns and differences in thresholds to report problem behaviors may also be responsible for the observed differences.
尽管文献资料毫无疑问地表明，从一个国家迁移到另一个国家会带来压力，但实证研究并不足以得出关于移民对心理发展影响的一般性结论。摩洛哥人和土耳其人是荷兰最大的两个移民群体，他们有着相似的移民历史和宗教信仰。然而，土耳其和摩洛哥社会之间存在重要差异，例如在教育水平和文盲率方面。在本研究中，将摩洛哥移民儿童的情绪和行为问题与荷兰本土儿童以及土耳其移民儿童的进行了比较。
我们的样本包括819名4至18岁的摩洛哥移民儿童、2227名荷兰本土儿童和833名土耳其移民儿童。通过使用儿童行为清单、教师报告表和青少年自我报告，获取了家长、教师和自我报告。
摩洛哥家长报告的问题数量与荷兰家长一样多，但比土耳其家长少。然而，教师提供了不同的情况：与荷兰和土耳其学生相比，摩洛哥学生的外化问题报告要多得多。摩洛哥青少年自己报告的问题比荷兰和土耳其青少年少。
移民对两个有着相似移民历史和宗教信仰群体的儿童和青少年的影响可能大不相同。问题水平因被询问的信息提供者而异。本研究结果可能反映了不同种族群体以及家庭和学校环境中儿童行为的真实差异。观察到的差异也可能归因于认知偏差、回答模式中的社会期望以及报告问题行为的阈值差异。
