Carruth Betty Ruth, Ziegler Paula J, Gordon Anne, Hendricks Kristy
Nutrition Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jan;104(1 Suppl 1):s51-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.019.
To identify ages at which gross motor developmental milestones and fine motor skills required for self-feeding were reported by primary caregivers and to relate these self-feeding skills to energy and nutrient intakes.
Cross-sectional survey of households with infants/toddlers, ages 4 to 24 months.
SUBJECTS/SETTING: Telephone survey using a national random sample of infants and toddlers (n=3,022).
Primary caregivers reported their children's food intake (one 24-hour recall), the ages when caregivers reported self-feeding skills were shown, and the number of teeth.
Children's reported ages for gross motor developmental milestones, self-feeding skills, and the number of erupted teeth were summarized. Using t tests, differences in energy and nutrient intake were determined by age groupings and by the absence or presence of each self-feeding skill.
Self-feeding skills achieved in the first 2 years and details about age ranges at which developmental readiness to self-feed were evidenced are described. The ages at which children were reported to show gross motor developmental milestones and eruption of teeth occurred within expected age ranges. A majority of the children who were reported to show developmental readiness to self-feed at an earlier age (7 to 14 months) had higher intakes of energy and most nutrients than those who did not. By 15 to 18 months, most of the children were reported to show comparable self-feeding skills regardless of whether they self-fed earlier or later.
APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Assuming a variety of nutritious foods are offered to infants and toddlers, caregivers may encourage self-feeding without concern for jeopardizing energy and nutrient adequacy. In the first year, the addition of foods that require chewing should reflect the number of erupted teeth.
确定主要照料者报告的大运动发育里程碑以及自主进食所需精细运动技能出现的年龄，并将这些自主进食技能与能量和营养摄入相关联。
对4至24个月婴幼儿家庭进行横断面调查。
研究对象/地点：使用全国随机抽取的婴幼儿样本（n = 3,022）进行电话调查。
主要照料者报告孩子的食物摄入量（一次24小时回顾）、显示自主进食技能的年龄以及牙齿数量。
总结孩子报告的大运动发育里程碑、自主进食技能和萌出牙齿数量的年龄。使用t检验，根据年龄分组以及是否具备每种自主进食技能来确定能量和营养摄入的差异。
描述了在2岁前实现的自主进食技能以及显示出自主进食发育准备的年龄范围细节。报告的孩子显示大运动发育里程碑和牙齿萌出的年龄在预期范围内。大多数在较早年龄（7至14个月）显示出自主进食发育准备的孩子，其能量和大多数营养素的摄入量高于未显示出这种准备的孩子。到15至18个月时，大多数孩子无论自主进食早或晚，报告显示出的自主进食技能相当。
应用/结论：假设为婴幼儿提供各种营养丰富的食物，照料者可以鼓励自主进食，而不必担心会影响能量和营养充足。在第一年，添加需要咀嚼的食物应根据萌出牙齿的数量来确定。
