Stephensen Eiríkur, Adolfsson-Erici Margaretha, Celander Malin, Hulander Mats, Parkkonen Jari, Hegelund Tove, Sturve Joachim, Hasselberg Linda, Bengtsson Madeleine, Förlin Lars
Department of Zoology/Zoophysiology, Göteborg University, Box 463, SE 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Dec;22(12):2926-31. doi: 10.1897/02-444.
Rubber tire material contains toxic compounds including oils rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), so-called highly aromatic (HA) oils, as well as other reactive additives used as antioxidants, antiozonants, and vulcanization accelerators. The toxicity of rubber tire leachates to aquatic organisms has been demonstrated before. However, previous studies have focused on lethal rather than sublethal effects. We kept rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in tanks with two types of tires: a tire containing HA oils in the tread or a tire free of HA oils in the tread. After 1 d of exposure, an induction of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) was evident in both exposed groups, measured as elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and increased CYP1A1 mRNA levels. After two weeks of exposure, EROD activity and CYP1A1 mRNA were still high in fish exposed to leachate from HA oil-containing tire, whereas the effect was somewhat lower in fish exposed to leachate from HA oil-free tread tire. Compounds in the tire leachates also affected antioxidant parameters. Total glutathione concentration in liver as well as hepatic glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were markedly elevated after two weeks of exposure in both groups. The responses were greater in the group exposed to leachate from HA oil-free tread tire. Vitellogenin measurements did not indicate leakage of estrogenic compounds from the tires. Chemical analyses of bile from exposed fish revealed the presence of hydroxylated PAH as well as aromatic nitrogen compounds indicating uptake of these compounds by the fish.
橡胶轮胎材料含有有毒化合物，包括富含多环芳烃（PAH）的油类，即所谓的高芳烃（HA）油，以及用作抗氧化剂、抗臭氧剂和硫化促进剂的其他活性添加剂。橡胶轮胎渗滤液对水生生物的毒性此前已得到证实。然而，以往的研究主要集中在致死效应而非亚致死效应上。我们将虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）饲养在装有两种轮胎的水箱中：一种是胎面含有HA油的轮胎，另一种是胎面不含HA油的轮胎。暴露1天后，两个暴露组中细胞色素P4501A1（CYP1A1）均有明显诱导，以乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-O-脱乙基酶（EROD）活性升高和CYP1A1 mRNA水平增加来衡量。暴露两周后，暴露于含HA油轮胎渗滤液的鱼中EROD活性和CYP1A1 mRNA仍然很高，而暴露于不含HA油胎面轮胎渗滤液的鱼中该效应略低。轮胎渗滤液中的化合物也影响抗氧化参数。两组暴露两周后，肝脏中的总谷胱甘肽浓度以及肝脏谷胱甘肽还原酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶活性均显著升高。暴露于不含HA油胎面轮胎渗滤液的组中的反应更大。卵黄蛋白原测量结果未表明轮胎中有雌激素化合物泄漏。对暴露鱼胆汁的化学分析显示存在羟基化PAH以及芳香族含氮化合物，表明鱼摄取了这些化合物。
