Laszlo Gabriel
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Feb;96(2):428-37. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01074.2001.
The measurement of cardiac output was first proposed by Fick, who published his equation in 1870. Fick's calculation called for the measurement of the contents of oxygen or CO2 in pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial blood. These values could not be determined directly in human subjects until the acceptance of cardiac catheterization as a clinical procedure in 1940. In the meanwhile, several attempts were made to perfect respiratory methods for the indirect determination of blood-gas contents by respiratory techniques that yielded estimates of the mixed venous and pulmonary capillary gas pressures. The immediate uptake of nonresident gases can be used in a similar way to calculate cardiac output, with the added advantage that they are absent from the mixed venous blood. The fact that these procedures are safe and relatively nonintrusive makes them attractive to physiologists, pharmacologists, and sports scientists as well as to clinicians concerned with the physiopathology of the heart and lung. This paper outlines the development of these techniques, with a discussion of some of the ways in which they stimulated research into the transport of gases in the body through the alveolar membrane.
心输出量的测量最早由菲克提出，他于1870年发表了自己的公式。菲克的计算需要测量肺动脉血和体动脉血中的氧气或二氧化碳含量。直到1940年心脏导管插入术被接受为一种临床程序，这些值才能够在人体受试者中直接测定。与此同时，人们进行了几次尝试，以完善通过呼吸技术间接测定血气含量的呼吸方法，这些技术可以估算混合静脉血和肺毛细血管气体压力。非驻留气体的即时摄取可以以类似的方式用于计算心输出量，其额外的优点是混合静脉血中不存在这些气体。这些程序安全且相对无创，这一事实使其对生理学家、药理学家、运动科学家以及关注心肺生理病理学的临床医生具有吸引力。本文概述了这些技术的发展，并讨论了它们在刺激对气体通过肺泡膜在体内运输的研究方面的一些方式。
