Lubinski David
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004 Jan;86(1):96-111. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.96.
The study of individual differences in cognitive abilities is one of the few branches of psychological science to amass a coherent body of empirical knowledge withstanding the test of time. There is wide consensus that cognitive abilities are organized hierarchically, and C. Spearman's (1904) general intelligence occupies the vertex of this hierarchy. In addition, specific abilities beyond general intelligence refine longitudinal forecasts of important social phenomena and paint a rich portrait of this important domain of psychological diversity. This opening article identifies and then reviews 5 major areas concerning the personological significance of cognitive abilities and the methods used to study them. In models of human behavior and important life outcomes, cognitive abilities are critical in more ways than social scientists realize.
对认知能力个体差异的研究是心理科学中少数几个积累了经得起时间考验的连贯实证知识体系的分支之一。人们普遍认为，认知能力是分层组织的，C. 斯皮尔曼（1904年）提出的一般智力处于这一层次结构的顶端。此外，除一般智力之外的特殊能力完善了对重要社会现象的纵向预测，并描绘了这个重要心理多样性领域的丰富图景。这篇开篇文章识别并回顾了关于认知能力的人格学意义及其研究方法的5个主要领域。在人类行为和重要生活结果的模型中，认知能力发挥关键作用的方式比社会科学家意识到的更多。
