Buschini A, Martino A, Gustavino B, Monfrinotti M, Poli P, Rossi C, Santoro M, Dörr A J M, Rizzoni M
Dipartimento di Genetica Antropologia Evoluzione, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
Mutat Res. 2004 Feb 14;557(2):119-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.008.
The detection of a possible genotoxic effect of surface water treated with disinfectants for potabilization is the aim of the present work. The Comet assay and the micronucleus test were applied in circulating erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio. Young specimens (20-30 g) were exposed in experimental basins, built within the potabilization plant of Castiglione del Lago (Perugia, Italy). In this plant the water of the Trasimeno Lake is treated and disinfected for potabilization before it is distributed to the people in the net of drinkable water. A continuous flow of water at a constant rate was supplied to basins; the water was continuously treated at a constant concentration with one of the three tested disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid and chloride dioxide), one control basin being supplied with untreated water. Three sampling campaigns were performed: October 2000, February 2001 and June 2001. Repeated blood samplings through intracardiac punctures allowed to follow the same fish populations after different exposure times: before introduction of the disinfectant, and 10 or 20 days afterwards. An additional blood sampling was performed 3 h after addition of the disinfectant in other, simultaneously exposed, fish populations. Genotoxic damage was shown in fish exposed to water disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and chloride dioxide. The Comet assay showed an immediate response, i.e. DNA damage that was induced directly in circulating erythrocytes, whereas micronuclei reached their highest frequencies at later sampling times, when a genotoxic damage in stem cells of the cephalic kidney is expressed in circulating erythrocytes. The quality of the untreated surface water seems to be the most important parameter for the long-term DNA damage in circulating erythrocytes.
检测用于饮用水净化的消毒剂处理过的地表水可能产生的遗传毒性效应是本研究的目的。彗星试验和微核试验应用于鲤鱼的循环红细胞。将幼鱼样本（20 - 30克）暴露于位于意大利佩鲁贾的卡斯蒂廖内德尔拉戈饮用水净化厂内建造的实验水池中。在该厂中，特拉西梅诺湖的水在经过处理和消毒以用于饮用水净化后，再通过饮用水管网供应给居民。以恒定流速向水池持续供水；水以恒定浓度用三种测试消毒剂（次氯酸钠、过氧乙酸和二氧化氯）之一进行持续处理，一个对照水池供应未处理的水。进行了三次采样活动：2000年10月、2001年2月和2001年6月。通过心脏穿刺进行重复采血，以便在不同暴露时间后跟踪同一批鱼群：在引入消毒剂之前以及之后10天或20天。在其他同时暴露的鱼群中，在添加消毒剂3小时后进行了额外的采血。暴露于用次氯酸钠和二氧化氯消毒的水中的鱼出现了遗传毒性损伤。彗星试验显示出即时反应，即在循环红细胞中直接诱导的DNA损伤，而微核在后期采样时间达到最高频率，此时头肾干细胞中的遗传毒性损伤在循环红细胞中表现出来。未处理的地表水的质量似乎是循环红细胞中长期DNA损伤的最重要参数。
