Zwald A G, Ruegg P L, Kaneene J B, Warnick L D, Wells S J, Fossler C, Halbert L W
Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
J Dairy Sci. 2004 Jan;87(1):191-201. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73158-6.
The primary objective was to compare reported antimicrobial usage between conventional and organic dairy farms. A secondary objective was to contrast selected management characteristics of conventional and organic dairy herds. A questionnaire was administered on site to selected dairy farmers located in Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin. Organic herds (n = 32) were smaller and produced less milk than conventional herds (n = 99). Lactating cows in organic dairies were more likely to be housed in tie stalls, whereas most conventional dairies housed cows in free stalls and milked in a parlor. Total mixed rations and purchased feeds were used on more conventional dairy farms compared with organic dairy farms. Conventional dairy producers were more likely to use advice from veterinarians for recommendations of treatment, and organic dairy producers were more likely to rely on advice from other farmers. Based on recall of antibiotic usage in the previous 60 d, 5.1, 84.9, 9.1, and 0.9% of farmers with conventional herds reported treatment of none, 1 to 10%, 11 to 25%, and >25% of milk cows, respectively. Most organic farmers (90.6%) reported no antibiotic treatments of milk cows, whereas 9.4% reported treating 1 to 10% of milk cows. Ceftiofur was the most commonly reported antibiotic for both farm types. Milk replacer containing antibiotics was reportedly used on 49.5% of conventional herds but only on one organic herd (3.1%). Antibiotics were used in heifer calves on 74.7% of conventional herds versus 21.9% of organic herds. Antibiotics to treat mastitis were used on 79.8% of conventional herds but on none of the organic herds. Most organic farms were in compliance with standards in advance of implementation of regulations.
主要目标是比较传统奶牛场和有机奶牛场上报的抗菌药物使用情况。次要目标是对比传统奶牛群和有机奶牛群选定的管理特征。对位于密歇根州、明尼苏达州、纽约州和威斯康星州的选定奶农进行了现场问卷调查。有机牛群（n = 32）规模比传统牛群（n = 99）小，产奶量也更低。有机奶牛场的泌乳奶牛更有可能被饲养在栓系牛栏中，而大多数传统奶牛场将奶牛饲养在自由牛栏中，并在挤奶厅挤奶。与有机奶牛场相比，更多传统奶牛场使用全混合日粮和外购饲料。传统奶牛场生产者更有可能采纳兽医的治疗建议，而有机奶牛场生产者更有可能依赖其他奶农的建议。根据对前60天抗生素使用情况的回忆，拥有传统牛群的奶农中，分别有5.1%、84.9%、9.1%和0.9%报告其奶牛未接受治疗、1%至10%、11%至25%以及超过25%接受了治疗。大多数有机奶农（90.6%）报告未对奶牛进行抗生素治疗，而9.4%报告对1%至10%的奶牛进行了治疗。头孢噻呋是两种类型农场上报最常用的抗生素。据报道，49.5%的传统牛群使用了含抗生素的代乳品，而只有一个有机牛群（3.1%）使用。74.7%的传统牛群在小母牛犊中使用抗生素，而有机牛群中这一比例为21.9%。79.8%的传统牛群使用抗生素治疗乳腺炎，而有机牛群均未使用。大多数有机农场在法规实施前就符合标准。
