Vijay Deepthi, Bedi Jasbir Singh, Dhaka Pankaj, Singh Randhir, Singh Jaswinder, Arora Anil Kumar, Gill Jatinder Paul Singh
Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Front Vet Sci. 2023 Mar 30;10:1089307. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1089307. eCollection 2023.
The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial usage (AMU) pattern in dairy herds of Punjab, India. The on-farm quantification of AMU in adult bovine animals by the manual collection of empty drug containers ("bin method") along with the records of the treatment was carried out in 38 dairy farms involving 1010 adult bovines for 1 year from July 2020 to June 2021. The farm owners were asked to record the antibiotic treatments as well as to deposit empty antibiotic packaging/vials into the provided bins placed at the farms. A total of 14 different antibiotic agents in 265 commercial antibiotic products were administered to the dairy herds during the study. A total of 179 (67.55%) administered products contained antimicrobials of "critical importance" as per the World Health Organization (WHO). Mastitis (54.72%), followed by the treatment of fever (19.62%), reproductive problems (15.47%), and diarrhea (3.40%) accounted for the majority of drugs administered in the herds during the study period. The most commonly used antibiotics were enrofloxacin (89.47% herds; 21.51% products), followed by ceftriaxone (50% herds; 12.83% products), amoxicillin (50% herds; 12.83% products), oxytetracycline (55.26% herds; 11.70% products), and procaine penicillin (47.37% herds; 12.83% products). The highest quantity of AMU [in terms of antimicrobial drug use rate (ADUR)] was observed for ceftiofur, followed by ceftriaxone, procaine benzyl penicillin ceftizoxime, enrofloxacin, cefoperazone, amoxicillin and ampicillin. A total of 125 (47.17%) products contained "highest priority critically important antimicrobials" (HPCIA) and 54 (20.37%) products contained "high priority critically important antimicrobials". In terms of overall number of animal daily doses (nADD), the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA) of the WHO such as third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, respectively accounted for 44.64 and 22.35% of the total antibiotic use in the herds. The bin method offers an alternative to monitoring AMU as a more accessible approach for recording the actual consumption of antimicrobials. The present study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind to provide an overview of the qualitative and quantitative estimate of AMU among adult bovines from India.
本研究旨在评估印度旁遮普邦奶牛场的抗菌药物使用（AMU）模式。2020年7月至2021年6月，对38个奶牛场的1010头成年牛进行了为期1年的研究，通过人工收集空药容器（“药箱法”）对成年牛的AMU进行农场量化，并记录治疗情况。要求农场主记录抗生素治疗情况，并将空抗生素包装/药瓶放入农场提供的药箱中。研究期间，共向奶牛场施用了265种商业抗生素产品中的14种不同抗生素。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的标准，共有179种（67.55%）施用产品含有“至关重要”的抗菌药物。乳腺炎（54.72%），其次是发热治疗（19.62%）、生殖问题（15.47%）和腹泻（3.40%），占研究期间牛群施用药物的大部分。最常用的抗生素是恩诺沙星（89.47%的牛群；21.51%的产品），其次是头孢曲松（50%的牛群；12.83%的产品）、阿莫西林（50%的牛群；12.83%的产品）、土霉素（55.26%的牛群；11.70%的产品）和普鲁卡因青霉素（47.37%的牛群；12.83%的产品）。观察到头孢噻呋的AMU量最高[以抗菌药物使用率（ADUR）计]，其次是头孢曲松、普鲁卡因苄青霉素、头孢唑肟、恩诺沙星、头孢哌酮、阿莫西林和氨苄西林。共有125种（47.17%）产品含有“最高优先级至关重要的抗菌药物”（HPCIA），54种（20.37%）产品含有“高优先级至关重要的抗菌药物”。就动物每日剂量总数（nADD）而言，WHO的最高优先级至关重要的抗菌药物（HPCIA），如第三代头孢菌素和喹诺酮类药物，分别占牛群抗生素总使用量的44.64%和22.35%。药箱法为监测AMU提供了一种替代方法，作为记录抗菌药物实际消耗量的更便捷途径。据我们所知，本研究是同类研究中首个对印度成年牛AMU进行定性和定量估计概述的研究。
