Camras Linda A, Oster Harriet, Campos Joseph J, Bakemand Roger
Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1000:135-51. doi: 10.1196/annals.1280.007.
Charles Darwin was among the first to recognize the important contribution that infant studies could make to our understanding of human emotional expression. Noting that infants come to exhibit many emotions, he also observed that at first their repertoire of expression is highly restricted. Today, considerable controversy exists regarding the question of whether infants experience and express discrete emotions. According to one position, discrete emotions emerge during infancy along with their prototypic facial expressions. These expressions closely resemble adult emotional expressions and are invariantly concordant with their corresponding emotions. In contrast, we propose that the relation between expression and emotion during infancy is more complex. Some infant emotions and emotional expressions may not be invariantly concordant. Furthermore, infant emotional expressions may be less differentiated than previously proposed. Together with past developmental studies, recent cross-cultural research supports this view and suggests that negative emotional expression in particular is only partly differentiated towards the end of the first year.
查尔斯·达尔文是最早认识到婴儿研究对我们理解人类情感表达能做出重要贡献的人之一。他注意到婴儿开始展现出多种情绪，同时也观察到起初他们的表达方式极为有限。如今，关于婴儿是否体验并表达离散情绪这一问题存在相当大的争议。根据一种观点，离散情绪在婴儿期伴随着其典型的面部表情一同出现。这些表情与成人的情绪表情极为相似，并且与其相应情绪始终一致。相比之下，我们认为婴儿期表情与情绪之间的关系更为复杂。一些婴儿情绪和情绪表达可能并非始终一致。此外，婴儿的情绪表达可能不像之前所认为的那样具有高度差异性。与过去的发展研究一样，近期的跨文化研究支持了这一观点，并表明尤其是负面情绪表达在第一年末期才只是部分地有所分化。
