Murphy Eric S, McSweeney Frances K, Smith Richard G, McComas Jennifer J
Department of Psychology, University of Alaska Anchorage, 99508, USA.
J Appl Behav Anal. 2003 Winter;36(4):421-38. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2003.36-421.
Reinforcers lose their effectiveness when they are presented repeatedly. Traditionally, this loss of effectiveness has been labeled satiation. However, recent evidence suggests that habituation provides a more accurate and useful description. The characteristics of behavior undergoing satiation differ for different stimuli (e.g., food, water), and these characteristics have not been identified for the noningestive reinforcers often used by applied behavior analysts (e.g., praise, attention). As a result, the term satiation provides little guidance for either maintaining or reducing the effectiveness of reinforcers. In contrast, the characteristics of behavior undergoing habituation are well known and are relatively general across species and stimuli. These characteristics provide specific and novel guidance about how to maintain or reduce the effectiveness of a reinforcer. In addition, habituation may lead to a better understanding of several puzzling phenomena in the conditioning literature (e.g., extinction, behavioral contrast), and it may provide a more precise and accurate description of the dynamics of many different types of behavior.
当强化物被反复呈现时，它们会失去效力。传统上，这种效力的丧失被称为餍足。然而，最近的证据表明，习惯化提供了一种更准确和有用的描述。因不同刺激（如食物、水）而经历餍足的行为特征有所不同，而应用行为分析人员经常使用的非摄入性强化物（如赞扬、关注）的这些特征尚未得到确认。因此，餍足这一术语对于维持或降低强化物的效力几乎没有指导作用。相比之下，经历习惯化的行为特征是众所周知的，并且在物种和刺激方面相对普遍。这些特征为如何维持或降低强化物的效力提供了具体且新颖的指导。此外，习惯化可能有助于更好地理解条件作用文献中的几个令人困惑的现象（如消退、行为对比），并且它可能为许多不同类型行为的动态变化提供更精确和准确的描述。
