Mechanisms of adaptation to cold.

The animal model used the most frequently for understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to cold in humans has been the rat. It has been established that rats kept in the cold for a few weeks stop shivering while preserving a normal internal temperature because of an enhanced thermogenic capacity of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Studies on groups of humans exposed to cold have shown that shivering is also attenuated but without compensatory increased in heat production possibly because of non-significant contribution of the BAT. However when humans and laboratory animals are exposed repeatedly to short severe cold evidence for adaptation has been described. This adaptation is not metabolic; instead it is related to the phenomenon of habituation. When exposed to a novel stress such as cold, the alarm reaction is initiated as evidenced by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system which opposes the stressing situation. However with time, when it is realized that the normal functioning of the body is not endangered the responses are attenuated and enhanced tolerance is observed. This type of adaptation was observed in Eskimos, fishermen, outdoor workers, etc.