van den Daele L
California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego 92121.
Am J Psychoanal. 1992 Dec;52(4):307-26. doi: 10.1007/BF01253081.
The dream typology assorts dreams into three major categories: dreams whose origin is endogenous, exogenous, or relational. Dreams of the first type arise from somatic needs, feelings, and states that accompany organismic adjustments to system requirements. Dreams of the second type are initiated by kinetic and dispositional tendencies toward engagement and exploration of the outer world. And dreams of the third type derive from interpersonal dispositions to interaction and relationship with other people. Within each category, dreams may occur at different levels of complexity. The dream typology permits the integration of psychoanalytic observations about the dreams from a variety of perspectives within a common framework. Freud's view that a dream is a wish fulfillment finds its primary niche in endogenous need, wish fulfillment, and convenience dreams. Kohut's observations about self-state dreams and inner regulation (1971, 1977) are accommodated to the middle range of endogenous dreams, and Jung's individuation dreams (1930) occupy the advanced range. Similarly, Bonime's interpersonal approach to dream interpretation (1962) is encompassed by relational dreams of the middle level. In addition, types and modes of dreams that are only infrequently encountered in clinical psychoanalysis are accommodated. The dream typology suggests that different psychoanalytic theories are like the position papers that might have derived from the fabled committee of learned blind who were commissioned to determine the appearance of an elephant. Each individual got a hold on some part, but could not see the whole; so for each, the part became the whole. The psychoanalytic theorist is in exactly an analogous position because, in fact, he is blind to the extent of the unconscious and is constrained to what he can infer. What he can infer depends on cohort, client population, and how he calibrates his observations. The result has been procrustean interpretation, dissention, and a remarkable stasis in the psychoanalytic theory of the unconscious. The theory of the unconscious that arises from the method of direct interpretation reflects a differentiated inner world with variegated landscapes of images and frameworks. The derivatives of the unconscious are determined by complex decision rules, symbol systems, and syntax. Images and dreams possess a primary autonomy from the conscious mind and arise through the configural mind, which serves the construction and synthesis of experience and knowledge. The derivatives emerge out of common human nature conjoined with concrete human experience. For this reason, dreams and images appear universal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
起源于内在、外在或关系层面的梦。第一类梦源于躯体需求、情感以及伴随机体对系统需求进行调整而产生的状态。第二类梦由对外在世界进行参与和探索的动力及意向引发。第三类梦则源自与他人互动和建立关系的人际意向。在每一类中，梦可能会出现在不同的复杂程度层面。梦的类型学能够在一个共同框架内，从多种视角整合精神分析对梦的观察。弗洛伊德认为梦是愿望的达成，这一观点主要适用于内在需求、愿望达成及便利型的梦。科胡特关于自我状态梦和内在调节的观察（1971年、1977年）适用于内在梦的中间范围，而荣格的个性化梦（1930年）则处于高级范围。同样，博尼姆对梦的人际解读方法（1962年）涵盖在中间层面的关系型梦中。此外，还纳入了在临床精神分析中较少遇到的梦的类型和模式。梦的类型学表明，不同的精神分析理论就如同那些可能源自传说中博学盲人委员会的立场文件，该委员会受命确定大象的模样。每个人都抓住了大象的某个部分，但却看不到整体；所以对每个人来说，部分就成了整体。精神分析理论家所处的位置与此完全类似，因为实际上，他对无意识的范围是盲目的，只能局限于他所能推断的内容。他所能推断的内容取决于群体、客户群体以及他对观察的校准方式。结果导致了解释的强求一致、纷争以及精神分析无意识理论的显著停滞。由直接解释方法产生的无意识理论反映了一个具有多样化图像和框架景观的分化内心世界。无意识的衍生物由复杂的决策规则、符号系统和句法决定。图像和梦相对于意识思维具有原发性自主性，并通过构型思维产生，构型思维服务于经验和知识的构建与综合。这些衍生物源自共同的人性与具体的人类经验。因此，梦和图像似乎具有普遍性。（摘要截选至400词）
