Pettigrew T F
Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 1998;49:65-85. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65.
Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalization-decategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.
情境中的群体地位平等、共同目标、群体间合作以及权威支持。各种研究支持了这一假设，但仍存在四个问题。1. 选择偏差限制了横断面研究，因为有偏见的人会避免群体间接触。然而研究发现，跨群体友谊的积极影响大于这种偏差的影响。2. 作者们用一些促进性但非必要的条件给这一假设增加了过多负担。3. 该假设未能涉及过程。本章提出了四个过程：了解外群体、改变行为、情感联系以及对内群体的重新评估。4. 该假设未具体说明这些影响如何推广到其他情境、外群体或未涉及的外群体。依次采取三种策略可增强推广效果——去类别化、显著类别化和重新类别化。最后，个体差异和社会规范都塑造着群体间接触的效果。本章概述了一种纵向群体间接触理论。它区分了必要因素和促进因素，并强调了接触不同阶段的不同结果。
