Tariq Muhammad Ilyas, Afzal Shahzad, Hussain Ishtiaq
Directorate of Land Reclamation, Irrigation and Power Department Punjab, Canal Bank, Moghulpura, Lahore, Pakistan.
Environ Int. 2004 Jun;30(4):471-9. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2003.09.008.
In Pakistan there is little data on environmental contamination of rural water sources by pesticides. This study evaluated pesticide contamination of groundwater in four intensive cotton growing districts. Water samples were collected from 37 rural open wells in the areas of Bahwalnagar, Muzafargarh, D.G. Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab and analysed for eight pesticides which are mostly used. Information on types of pesticide used and distance to nearest pesticide mixing area and application areas was obtained for each site. From the eight pesticides analysed, six pesticides were detected in the water samples. Only cypermethrin and cabosulfan were not detected. The percentage of detection of bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, carbofuran, endosulfan, methyl parathion and monocrotophos was, respectively 13.5%, 5.4%, 59.4%, 8%, 5.4% and 35.1% in July; 16.2%, 13.55%, 43.2%, 8%, N.D. (not detected) and 24.3% in October. Maximum contamination levels (MCLs) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water were not exceeded. The study has shown the need for monitoring pesticide contamination in rural water resources, and the development of drinking water quality standards for specific pesticides in Pakistan. The conclusions and recommendations will be disseminated to senior decision makers in central and local governments, extension agents and farmers.
在巴基斯坦，关于农药对农村水源造成环境污染的数据很少。本研究评估了四个棉花种植密集区的地下水农药污染情况。从旁遮普省巴哈瓦尔纳加尔、木扎法尔格尔、D.G.汗和拉詹布尔地区的37口农村露天井中采集了水样，并对八种最常用的农药进行了分析。获取了每个采样点使用的农药类型以及到最近农药混合区和施药区的距离信息。在所分析的八种农药中，水样中检测出了六种农药。仅氯氰菊酯和克百威未被检测到。在7月，联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、克百威、硫丹、甲基对硫磷和久效磷的检出率分别为13.5%、5.4%、59.4%、8%、5.4%和35.1%；在10月，其检出率分别为16.2%、13.55%、43.2%、8%、未检出和24.3%。未超过美国环境保护局制定的饮用水最大污染水平（MCLs）。该研究表明有必要监测农村水资源中的农药污染情况，并制定巴基斯坦特定农药的饮用水质量标准。研究结论和建议将传达给中央和地方政府的高级决策者、推广人员和农民。
