Kaminski Juliane, Call Josep, Tomasello Michael
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Plaz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Anim Cogn. 2004 Oct;7(4):216-23. doi: 10.1007/s10071-004-0214-2.
A number of animal species have evolved the cognitive ability to detect when they are being watched by other individuals. Precisely what kind of information they use to make this determination is unknown. There is particular controversy in the case of the great apes because different studies report conflicting results. In experiment 1, we presented chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos with a situation in which they had to request food from a human observer who was in one of various attentional states. She either stared at the ape, faced the ape with her eyes closed, sat with her back towards the ape, or left the room. In experiment 2, we systematically crossed the observer's body and face orientation so that the observer could have her body and/or face oriented either towards or away from the subject. Results indicated that apes produced more behaviors when they were being watched. They did this not only on the basis of whether they could see the experimenter as a whole, but they were sensitive to her body and face orientation separately. These results suggest that body and face orientation encode two different types of information. Whereas face orientation encodes the observer's perceptual access, body orientation encodes the observer's disposition to transfer food. In contrast to the results on body and face orientation, only two of the tested subjects responded to the state of the observer's eyes.
许多动物物种已经进化出认知能力，能够察觉到自己正被其他个体注视。但它们究竟利用何种信息来做出这种判断尚不清楚。在大猩猩的案例中存在特别的争议，因为不同的研究报告了相互矛盾的结果。在实验1中，我们给黑猩猩、猩猩和倭黑猩猩呈现了一种情境，在这种情境下它们必须向处于不同注意力状态的人类观察者索要食物。她要么盯着猿，要么闭着眼睛面对猿，要么背对着猿坐着，要么离开房间。在实验2中，我们系统地交叉了观察者的身体和面部朝向，以便观察者的身体和/或面部可以朝向或背向受试者。结果表明，猿在被注视时会表现出更多行为。它们不仅基于是否能看到实验者的全貌来做出反应，而且对她的身体和面部朝向分别很敏感。这些结果表明，身体和面部朝向编码了两种不同类型的信息。面部朝向编码观察者的感知接触，而身体朝向编码观察者传递食物的倾向。与关于身体和面部朝向的结果形成对比的是，只有两名受试对象对观察者眼睛的状态做出了反应。
